SPEED READING

CRITICAL THINKING
CONCEPT of MAPPING

BELAJAR

Belajar / Proses belajar

Belajar Sepanjang Hidup
( Lifelong learning Adult learning Active Learning )

Belajar

Membaca
( Mengetahui Memahami )

Keputusan

Days
Months
Years

Lectures in module

Imagine

How ???

Reading / Membaca

Teks

- Observasi ( teliti )
- Interpretasi data
Isu Teks / opini
Tantangan

Berpikir
Kritis

Kreatif
Analisa

Keputusan

Slow reading

-Individual variables : Kecerdasan, motivasi faktor fisiologik dan psikologik

-Kurangnya vocabulary dan tingkat pemahaman
-Kurangnya konsentrasi

Comprehension
Time

Speed Reading

SPEED READING
Tujuan :
-Meningkatkan kecepatan kemampuan membaca
-Meningkatkan konsentrasi dan memori
-Mempersingkat waktu untuk membaca
-Mengatur waktu

Membaca efektif

Membaca Membutuhkan tahapan / pola pikir

kebiasaan pikiran

Critical Reading

Critical Thinking

Critical Reading
( Membaca kritis )
Teknik untuk mengetahui informasi dan ide dalam teks

Critical Thinking
( Berpikir kritis )
Teknik untuk evaluasi informasi dan ide untuk
menentukan apa yang dapat diterima dan dipercaya
In pratice critical reading and critical thinking are in harmony

Critical Reading
( Membaca kritis )

Sistem membaca :
-Tentukan tujuan membaca dari materi yang dibutuhkan
-Baca Introduction dan summary
-Gunakan teknik Skimming dan Scanning
-Gunakan Teknik Mapping untuk Summarize
-Terapkan sistem read check read
-Kurangi reading fatigue dan tingkatkan konsentrasi
-Tanggulangi hambatan
-Gunakan hasil membaca dengan cara berlatih (practice)

Langkah membaca kritis

Teks: amati, baca sekilas sebelum baca
seluruh
Isi dan konteks : hubungkan
Buat pertanyaan tentang kandungan teks
Refleksikan kandungan teks yang
berhubungan dengan pendapat saudara
Buat rangkaian kandungan teks dengan katakata saudara sendiri

When U have 2 know what U

r
reading about......
Learn speed reading,
comprehend,
use Ur memory better......

Critical Thinking
Berpikir berdasar alasan ketrampilan :
- membedakan antara relevan & tidak

Definition of Critical Thinking

Critical thinking means correct thinking in
the pursuit of relevant and reliable
knowledge about the world. Another way to
describe it is reasonable, reflective,
responsible, and skillful thinking that is
focused on deciding what to believe or do.

Critical Thinking
( Berpikir kritis )
Terdiri dari kombinasi beberapa kemampuan
Rationality
- Berdasar alasan dari emosi
- Membutuhkan fakta
Self-awareness
- Mempertimbangkan alasan berdasar pengaruh bias, prasangka
Honesty
- Dorongan emosi, egois, tujuan jahat
Discipline
- Tepat, teliti, menyeluruh dan lengkap
Judgment
- Mempertimbangkan relevansi antara asumsi dan kenyataan
Open-mindedness
- Evaluasi dan mempertimbangkan semua pendapat yang layak
- Tetap terbuka untuk menerima interpretasi alternatif
- Menerima penjelasan, Model, Paradigma baru karena disertai
pembuktian

Apakah Saya Berpikir Kritis

1. Apakah saya menguatkan pendapat saya dengan bukti ?

2. Apakah saya berusaha memahami ?
3. Apakah saya mendengar dengan pikiran terbuka ?
4. Apakah saya berani berbicara ?
5. Apakah saya bersikap sopan santun ?
6. Apakah saya minta klarifikasi dan elaborasi ?
7. Apakah saya menerima informasi secara membabi buta ?
8. Apakah saya terikat pada satu pendapat ?
9. Apakah saya mengembangkan informasi yang diberikan /
disampaikan ?

A person who thinks critically can ask

appropriate questions, gather relevant
information, efficiently and creatively sort
through this information, reason logically
from this information, and come to reliable
and trustworthy conclusions about the world
that enable one to live and act successfully in
it.

Critical thinking is not being able to

process information well enough to know
to stop for red lights or whether you
received the correct change at the
supermarket. Such low-order thinking,
critical and useful though it may be, is
sufficient only for personal survival; most
individuals master this.

True critical thinking is higher-order

thinking, enabling a person to, for example,
responsibly judge between political
candidates, serve on a murder trial jury,
evaluate society's need for nuclear power
plants, and assess the consequences of
global warming.

Critical thinking enables an individual

to be a responsible citizen who
contributes to society, and not be
merely a consumer of society's
distractions.

Critical thinking can be described as the

scientific method applied by ordinary people
to the ordinary world.
This is true because critical thinking mimics
the well-known method of scientific
investigation:
a question is identified, an hypothesis
formulated, relevant data sought and
gathered, the hypothesis is logically tested
and evaluated, and reliable conclusions are
drawn from the result.

Critical thinking is the ability to think

for one's self and reliably and
responsibly make those decisions that
affect one's life.

Critical thinking is also critical inquiry,

so such critical thinkers investigate
problems, ask questions, pose new answers
that challenge the status quo, discover new
information that can be used for good or ill,
question authorities and traditional beliefs,
challenge received dogmas and doctrines,
and often end up possessing power in
society greater than their numbers.

Critical thinking is scientific thinking.

All of the skills of scientific investigation are
matched by critical thinking, which is
therefore nothing more than scientific
method used in everyday life rather than in
specifically scientific disciplines or
endeavors.

Raymond S. Nickerson (1987),

an authority on critical thinking,
characterizes a good critical thinker in
terms of knowledge, abilities, attitudes,
and habitual ways of behaving.

The characteristics of such a thinker:

Uses evidence skillfully and impartially
Organizes thoughts and articulates them

concisely and coherently

Distinguishers between logically valid and invalid
inferences
Suspends judgment in the absence of sufficient
evidence to support a decision
Understands the difference between reasoning
and rationalizing
Attempts to anticipate the probable consequences
of alternative actions

 Understands the idea of degrees of belief

Sees similarities and analogies that are not

superficially apparent
Can learn independently and has an abiding
interest in doing so
Applies problem-solving techniques in domains
other than those in which learned
Can structure informally represented problems in
such a way that formal techniques, such as
mathematics, can be used to solve them
Can strip a verbal argument of irrelevancies and
phrase it in its essential terms

 Habitually questions one's own views and attempts to

understand both the assumptions
that are critical
to those views and the
implications of the views
Is sensitive to the difference between the validity
of a belief and the intensity with which it is held
Is aware of the fact that one's understanding is
always limited, often much more so than
would be
apparent to one with a noninquiring
attitude
Recognizes the fallibility of one's own opinions, the
probability of bias in those opinions, and
the danger
of weighting evidence according to
personal
preferences

Concept Mapping
Thalca Hamid Agusni, drg.,
Sp.Ort., MHPEd., PhD

What is it?

a graphical way of organizing

your thoughts and showing how
concepts are related or
differentiated (looking at
completed concept maps might
be the best way to understand
what they are)

 A diagrammed series of "nodes,

consisting of linked topics (core
concepts) and subtopics (which include
examples and evidence for the topics)

Connections are labelled by

cause/effect, relationships and interrelationships, differences, or hierarchies.

Reading / Membaca

Teks

- Observasi ( teliti )
- Interpretasi data
Isu Teks / opini
Tantangan

Berpikir
Kritis

Kreatif
Analisa

Keputusan

Why use it?

Mapping is an active learning strategy
that moves you beyond rote
memorization to critical thinking
Mapping helps you to learn about how
you learn
It provides an explicit, encapsulated
representation of important ideas on one
page which is great for review

 Mapping promotes a richer construction of

knowledge because you must organize,
select, relate and interpret data
Mapping requires that you break down
component parts to see how things are put
together
it helps you to see gaps in knowledge and
areas of oversimplification, contradiction or
misinterpretation

What can it be used for?

reviewing for exams
conceptualizing processes, systems
and relationships
brainstorming, organizing concepts and
principles
identifying mistakes and areas of
confusion
assessing prior knowledge, generating
questions and answers from a reading or
writing assignment and organizing
arguments

Who can use it?

Anyone!
Concept mapping is an effective
learning tool across disciplines and
year levels
Concept maps can be done
independently or collaboratively

How is it done?
1. Identify the main topic or core concept
2. Brainstorm for everything known about the
topic
3. Organize the information according to
major points
4. Place information on a map - working from
the core concept, to major points, to
significant details

5. Review relevant course materials and disciplinespecific vocabulary to make sure that you have
everything, and then label connecting strands
with words or phrases that indicate the nature
of the relationships
6. Use branches, arrows, and other symbols like
stop signs or yield signs to indicate the nature
of the relationships between ideas
7. Use different colours, fonts or lines to group and
distinguish concepts
8. Include detailed explanations, definitions, rules,
formulae or equations

9. Analyze the resulting map by asking the

following questions:
. Is the core concept accurately defined and
positioned?
. How do the ideas fit together?
. Have I considered all of the related information
gathered from lectures, texts, labs?
. Have I noted all relevant relationships, exceptions,
and conditions?
. Does the map have adequate validity, logic,
complexity and detail?
. What is the muddiest point and what can be done to
clarify it?

10. Revise the map as your understanding of the

material improves.

Things to watch for...

Using other students' maps as study tools will not be as
beneficial or productive as creating your own.
The value of concept mapping is found in the process more
than in the product.
You will need time and practice to develop your concept
mapping skills.
Start small - for example, try to create a concept map from a
single lecture or chapter.
Your early attempts will likely be simple and chaotic.
Don't let yourself get frustrated by this!
Your initial, rudimentary maps are crucial in the development
of more sophisticated maps.