WATER

Water Availability and Use

Freshwater Shortages
Water Management and Conservation
Privatization of water
Water wars

Groundwater
Second largest reservoir of fresh water.
Infiltration - Process of water percolating
through the soil and into fractures and
permeable rocks.
Zone of Saturation - Lower soil layers where
all spaces are filled with water.
Water Table - Top of Zone of Sat.

Hydrologic Cycle

Drought Cycles

Every continent has regions

of scarce rainfall due to
topographic effects or wind
currents.
Water shortages have most
severe effect in semiarid
zones where moisture
availability is the critical
factor in plant and animal
distributions

The most important features of drinking water:

It must not contain materials that are dangerous to human
health
It must be with good taste
It must be transparent and its colour is blue at big quantity
Its temperature must be between 5 and 15 centigrade degrees
Its chemical reaction must be neutral or alkaline

Groundwater Aquifer

Aquifers - Porous layers of sand,

gravel, or rock lying below the
water table Artesian - Pressurized
aquifer intersects the surface.
(Water flows without pumping)
Recharge Zone - Area where water
infiltrates into an aquifer.
Recharge rate is often very slow.
Presently, groundwater is being
removed faster than it can be
replenished

WATER RESOURCES
Water, liquid and solid, covers more
than 70% of worlds surface.
More than 370 billion billion
gallons.

Sources of water
Surface fresh water:
3% of liquid water,
which is 13% of
fresh water,
which is 2.4% of
water

Water is the essence of

life.
Surface sources lakes,
streams, rivers,
reservoirs, run
off from
roofs and paved areas.
Underground sources
wells, deep wells, artesian
wells,

Water Supply System

Water Main Supply pipe installed and maintained by a public
entity and on public property
Water Service Pipe from the water main to the building
supply pipes
Meter Measures the amount of water transported through
water service
Valve A fitting used to control water flow (located next to the
meter)

Water
SupplyCatchment
and Canalisation
/Water circulates/

Catchment/
Purification
Distribution
Consumption
Collecting
Carrying
Purification
Setting

Catchment is the process we can obtain

water from nature by that Fresh water
occurs 3 places on the earth:
In the air as clouds
In the subsurface
Being on ground

Pipe
Fittings
Purpose of Pipe Fittings

Street Elbows

Plumbing fittings have

different shapes which allow
rigid straight pipe to change
both direction and diameter.

One end of the fitting has male

threads and the other end has
female
threads.
Street elbows are common
in galvanized steel and
Elbows
copper pipe.
Used to change the angle or
They are convenient
direction of the pipe run.
because they do away with
The most common elbows
the need for a nipple and
come in 90
degree and
work well in tight quarters
45 degree turns.
The sweep of the fitting
Tee or T-fittings
describe how fast a transition
Allow for branch lines.
or change in direction is
They are shaped like the letter T.
made.

DWV tees are known as waste or

sanitary Ts.
In these fittings the intersection is
slightly curved in order to
avoid clogs. Gradual bends
are best for smooth flow of

Bushings
Couplings

Used to make the diameter of a pipe

fitting smaller.
They differ from reducers in that
they make abrupt changes in
diameter and
take very little
Used to join two straight pieces of
space.
Two examples of galvanized
pipe of the same diameter
steel
bushings are face
bushings, which take the least
Reducers
amount of space, and
hex bushings which can be
Used to join pipe of different
tightened with an adjustable
diameters.
Unions
wrench.
Galvanized steel reducers are

called bell reducers because they

look like a bell.
All reducers make a gradual
transition between different
diameters of pipe and therefore
they take up considerable space

Used to join pieces of pipe where

pipes cannot be turned or when a
piece of equipment may have to be
removed for maintenance or
replacement

Adaptor fittings

Plugs

Close an
They are used to change the end of a nonopening on a
threaded pipe to male or female threads as
pipefitting
needed.
normally used
Adaptors are commonly used in copper and
plastic plumbing jobs.
for inspection
For example adaptors are used to convert from a and cleanout
PVC glue connection to a threaded connectionNipples
or
from a copper soldered connection to a threaded Short lengths (under 12") of
connection.
pipe threaded at both
Male adapters and female adapters are both
ends.
common.

Caps
Used to close the end of a dead end pipe

Wyes
Pronounced like the letter Y
Used primarily to gain inside
access to DWV systems.