Application of GIS

PRESENTED
BY
SEENUM & FAREEN

APPLICATION OF GIS/RS
OIL & MINERAL EXPLORATION
(O.G.D.C, Oil companies,)

management of water resources ( AKRSP, WAPDA)

natural hazard mapping (FFC, NESPAK
SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY & MAPPING
(S.O.P & Primary education project in NWFP,
Baluchistan, Sind, N.As & A.K.)
Educational Institution NCE In Geology,
University of Peshawar, GIS Centre Punjab
University and Brunal College for distance learning
Islamabad/Rawalpindi, Environmental Sciences
and Geography Departments in University of
Peshawar.

APPLICATION OF GIS/RS
LAND-USE

PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Property Registration & Development

Use of parcels during different years (For diff crops)
Owner changes & keeping up to date record
Developmental plans like Peshawar Master plans
Urban Planning and management

Survey of Pakistan, SUPARCO, Peshawar Development

Authority, Capital Development Authority, Planning
Environment & Development AJK)

Hazard and risk assessment

hazard: the probability of occurrence of a potentially damaging

phenomenon,

vulnerability: the degree of loss resulting from the occurrence of the

phenomenon

Monitoring for early warning

Remote Sensing & GIS

Remote Sensing and Geographical Information
Systems (GIS) are widely used for the
assessment of natural hazards, especially in
Natural Hazard Zonation and Mapping

Definition of a flood.
A flood is any high stream flow which overtops
the natural or artificial banks of a stream.
A flood is a body of water that inundates land
that is in frequently submerged and in doing so
causes or threatens to cause damage and loss
of life.
Flooding is a natural and recurring event for a
river or stream.

Flooding is a natural hazard

Potential damaging natural phenomena;

Occuring with a certain probability;
Within a specific period of time;
In a certain area.

Flood statistics.

http://www.munichre.com/press/press/990315_eng.htm

Reasons for increasing annual

flood losses-1
Climatic change;
Changes in land use:
urbanization;
deforestation;
drainage and engineering works; e.g. canalizations

Reasons for increasing annual

flood losses-2
Increasing population levels due to migration
into marginal lands.

TYPES OF FLOODS

Flash floods;
Single event floods;
Multiple event floods;
Seasonal floods.

Flash floods-1
An extreme, though short-lived, form of
inundation;
Associated with violent thunderstorms or
cloudbursts;
Storm lasts (usually) < 24 hrs;
Rainfall intensity >>> infiltration capacity;
Runoff rapid, hence
Common in mountaineous and desert areas.

Single event flood.

Floods with a single main peak;
Relatively simple hydrograph; substantially
longer duration than flash floods
Rainfall: several hours or days duration.

Multiple event floods.

Duration of flooding extends over a periods of
several weeks or months;
Most disastrous type of flooding;

Seasonal flood-1.
Multiple event flood occuring annually in the
wet season on a massive scale;
Flood extending over several months;
Often disastrous floods

FLOOD CAUSES.
Climatological:
excessive levels of precipitation; high intensity and/or long
duration;
melting snow or rain falling on melting snow;
melting ice.

Climatological factor in combination with other

factors: e.g causing estuarine floods and sea floods:
wind direction and strength;
intensity of low pressure systems

Example: Flood modeling in Bangladesh

Mississippi, July 1988 and 1993

Flood causes-2.
Climatological factor in combination with other
factors (continu):
tidal stage;
the geometry of the sea basin;
the nature of the coast line.

Other, only indirectly, if at all, with climatological

events:
tsunamis produced by earthquakes;
river ponding behind natural dams caused by mass
movements, glacial advances etc.

Flood causes-2.
Other, only indirectly, if at all, with
climatological events (continu):
failure of natural and man-made levees;
failure of man-made dams;
mass movements entering enclosed or semienclosed waterbodies;
rupture of a glacial lake or release of sub-glacial
water (GLOF);

Floods & use of remote sensing.

Major drawback optical sensors cannot
penetrate cloud;
Therefore Radar has been using which has the
capability to penetrate into clouds.

Remote Sensing for Flood

Hazard Studies: applications.
Mapping spatial distribution of inundated areas;
Mapping spatial distribution of flood effects;
Indirect mapping to make flood susceptibility maps
using flood indicators;
Flood hazard zonation using sequential imagery and
or integrating different types of imagery;
Damage assessment post flood;
Planning of emergency & relief operations;

Remote Sensing for Flood

Hazard Studies: applications.
Monitoring for early warning;sequential inundation
stage mapping;
Generating DEMs for modelling etc.;
Combining DEM with areal extent map to find flood
depth map.

Geomorphological effects of the 1993-flood

floodplain

hills
TM images: bands
7, 5, and 3
Missouri River Floodplain, Glasgow,
Missouri, USA.
http://edcwww2.cr.usgs.gov/moberly/preflood.gif

Totally inundated
floodplain.

Sand
deposits,
from levee
breaches.

Predicting River Flooding

There are three methods:

1. Monitoring the progress of a storm in order to
provide a forecast or early warning to those
who may be affected by a flood.
2. Using Statistical techniques to predict the
frequency & its return period of floods of a
given magnitude.
3. Using models & mapping to determine the
aerial extent of flood hazard of a given
magnitude.

(Average Climate Between 1960-1990)

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

December

November

October

September

August

July

June

May

April

March

February

January

Moths

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

TEMPERATURE
IN OC

RAINFALL INMM

CLIMOGRAPH OF DISTRICT CHARSADDA

Rainfall
Maximum Temperature
Minimum Temperature

Using Statistical Techniques

Based on the records of hydrologic events at a
specific locality on the observing river system.
For each year we record one highest flow discharge
of the river.
As a result a record of annual maxima over a
period of years is taking into consideration.
The longer the available data set, the more valid
are the predictions based on the data especially it is
very useful for very high frequency floods.

RIVER SWAT AT KALAM

FLOOD FREQUENCY RECURRENCE CURVE
35.0

Recurrence Interval (Years)

30.0

18,400

25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0
0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

Annual Maxim um Discharge (Cusecs)

16,000

18,000

20,000

Example: Flood modeling in Bangladesh

Regional flood hazard:
Based on:
NOAA AVHRR
Geomorphological mapping
Mapping historic floods
Relation flooding with
Geomorphology
Landuse

Existing Policies for the Reduction

of Natural Hazards in Pakistan
Non-Intervention Policy
Compensatory Policy

More stress in Pakistan

is on
post-disaster activities

System Management Policy

Corrective or Engineering Protection Policy

Pre-Disaster
Activities
are either
missing or less

THANKS TO ALL
SEENUM AMAN
FAREEN QAZI