Chemical Reactions

Reactions and
Equations
Classifying Chemical
Reactions
Reactions in Aqueous
Solutions

Reactions and Equations

Recognize evidence of
chemical change.
Represent chemical
reactions with equations.
Balance chemical
equations.

chemical change: a
process involving one or
more substances changing
into a new substance
chemical reaction
reactant

Chemical reactions are

represented by balanced
chemical equations.

product
chemical equation
coefficient

Chemical Reactions
The process by which one or more
substances are rearranged to form different
substances is called a chemical reaction.
Evidence of a chemical reaction
Change in temperature
Change in physical properties, odor, gas, or
bubbles may form.

Representing Chemical Reactions

Chemists use statements called equations
to represent chemical reactions.
Reactants are the
starting substances.
Products are the
substances formed in
the reaction.
This table summarizes
the symbols used in
chemical equations.

Representing Chemical Reactions (cont.)

In word equations, aluminum(s) +
bromine(l) aluminum bromide(s) reads
as aluminum and bromine react to
produce aluminum bromide.
Skeleton equations use symbols and
formulas to represent the reactants and
products.
Al(s) + Br(l) AlBr3(s)
Skeleton equations lack information about
how many atoms are involved in the reaction.

Representing Chemical Reactions (cont.)

A chemical equation is a statement that
uses chemical formulas to show the
identities and relative amounts of the
substances involved in a chemical reaction.

Balancing Chemical Equations

This figure shows the balanced equation
for the reaction between aluminum and
bromine.

Balancing Chemical Equations (cont.)

A coefficient in a chemical equation is the
number written in front of a reactant or
product, describing the lowest whole-number
ratio of the amounts of all the reactants and
products.

Balancing Chemical Equations (cont.)

Balancing Chemical Equations (cont.)

Balancing Chemical Equations (cont.)

Balancing Chemical Equations (cont.)

The most fundamental law in chemistry is
the law of conservation of mass.
Balanced equations show this law.

Tulis persamaan kimia untuk reaksi-reaksi berikut .

a . Ketika naftalena padat ( C10H8 ) dibakar di udara ,
reaksi menghasilkan gas karbon dioksida dan air cair .
b . Meniupkan gas hidrogen sulfida pada mangan ( II )
klorida yang dilarutkan dalam air menghasilkan
pembentukan endapan mangan ( II ) sulfida dan asam
klorida .
c . Magnesium padat bereaksi dengan gas nitrogen
menghasilkan magnesium nitrida padat .
d . Pemanasan gas oksigen difluoride menghasilkan
gas oksigen dan gas fluor .

Section 9.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions

Classify chemical
reactions.
Identify the
characteristics of
different classes of
chemical reactions.

metal: an element that is

a solid at room
temperature, a good
conductor of heat and
electricity, and is generally
shiny

Section 9.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions

(cont.)

synthesis reaction
combustion reaction
decomposition reaction

double-replacement
reaction
precipitate

single-replacement
reaction
There are four types of chemical
reactions: synthesis, combustion,
decomposition, and replacement
reactions.

Types of Chemical Reactions

Chemists classify reactions in order to
organize the many types.
A synthesis reaction is a reaction in which
two or more substances react to produce a
single product.

Types of Chemical Reactions (cont.)

When two elements react, the reaction is
always a synthesis reaction.

Types of Chemical Reactions (cont.)

In a combustion reaction, oxygen
combines with a substance and releases
energy in the form of heat and light.
Heated hydrogen reacts with oxygen to
produce heat and water in a combustion
reaction. This is also a synthesis reaction.

Decomposition Reactions
A decomposition reaction is one in which
a single compound breaks down into two or
more elements or new compounds.
Decomposition reactions often require an
energy source, such as heat, light, or
electricity, to occur.

Replacement Reactions
A reaction in which the atoms of one
element replace the atoms of another
element in a compound is called a single
replacement reaction.
A + BX AX + B

Replacement Reactions (cont.)

A metal will not always
replace a metal in a
compound dissolved in
water because of differing
reactivities.
An activity series can be
used to predict if reactions
will occur.

Replacement Reactions (cont.)

Halogens frequently replace other
halogens in replacement reactions.
Halogens also have different reactivities and
do not always replace each other.

Replacement Reactions (cont.)

Double replacement reactions occur
when ions exchange between two
compounds.
This figure shows a generic double
replacement equation.

Replacement Reactions (cont.)

The solid product produced during a
chemical reaction in a solution is called a
precipitate.
All double replacement reactions produce
either water, a precipitate, or a gas.

Replacement Reactions (cont.)

This table shows the steps to write double
replacement reactions.

Replacement Reactions (cont.)

This table summarizes different ways to
predict the products of a chemical reaction.

Section 9.3 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Describe aqueous solutions.
Write complete ionic and net ionic equations for
chemical reactions in aqueous solutions.
Predict whether reactions in aqueous solutions will
produce a precipitate, water, or a gas.

solution: a uniform mixture that might contain

solids, liquids, or gases

Section 9.3 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

(cont.)

aqueous solution

complete ionic equation

solute

spectator ion

solvent

net ionic equation

Double-replacement reactions occur

between substances in aqueous
solutions and produce precipitates,
water, or gases.

Aqueous Solutions
An aqueous solution contains one or
more dissolved substances (called
solutes) in water.
The solvent is the most plentiful substance in
a solution.

Aqueous Solutions (cont.)

Water is always the solvent in an aqueous
solution.
There are many possible solutessugar and
alcohol are molecular compounds that exist
as molecules in aqueous solutions.
Compounds that produce hydrogen ions in
aqueous solutions are acids.

Aqueous Solutions (cont.)

Ionic compounds can also be solutes in
aqueous solutions.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water,
their ions separate in a process called
dissociation.

Types of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

When two solutions that contain ions as
solutes are combined, the ions might react.
If they react, it is always a double
replacement reaction.
Three products can form: precipitates, water,
or gases.

Types of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

(cont.)

Aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide and

copper(II) chloride react to form the
precipitate copper(II) hydroxide.
2NaOH(aq) + CuCl2(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + Cu(OH)2(s)

Ionic equations that show all of the particles

in a solution as they actually exist are called
complete ionic equations.
2Na+(aq) + 2OH(aq) + Cu2+ (aq)+ 2Cl(aq) 2Na+
(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + Cu(OH)2(s)

Types of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

(cont.)

Ions that do not participate in a reaction are

called spectator ions and are not usually
written in ionic equations.
Formulas that include only the particles that
participate in reactions are called net ionic
equations.
2OH(aq) + Cu2+(aq) Cu(OH)2(s)

Types of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Some reactions produce more water
molecules.
No evidence of a chemical reaction is
observable.
HBr(aq) + NaOH(aq) H2O(l) + NaBr(aq)
Without spectator ions
H+(aq) + OH(aq) H2O(l).

(cont.)

Types of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Gases that are commonly produced are
carbon dioxide, hydrogen cyanide, and
hydrogen sulfide.
2HI(aq) + Li2S(aq) H2S(g) + 2LiI(aq)

(cont.)

Types of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Another example is mixing vinegar and
baking soda, which produces carbon
dioxide gas.
HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(aq) H2CO3(aq) + NaCl(aq)

H2CO3(aq) decomposes immediately.

H2CO3(aq) H2O(l) + CO2(g)

(cont.)

Types of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Two reactions can be combined and
represented by a single chemical reaction.

(cont.)

Types of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

(cont.)

Reaction 1
HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(aq) H2CO3(aq) + NaCl(aq)
Reaction 2
H2CO3(aq) H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Combined equation
HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(aq) + H2CO3(aq) H2CO3(aq) +
NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Overall equation
HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(aq) H2O(l) + CO2(g) + NaCl(aq)