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Outline
Introduction
Model Verification
Summary
Quake Summit 2010
Introduction
Motivation
Bridge columns are subjected to combined actions of
axial, shear and flexure forces due to structural and
geometrical constraints (skewed, curved etc.) and the
multi-directional earthquake input motions.
Axial load variation can directly impact the ultimate
capacity, stiffness and hysteretic behavior of shear and
flexure responses.
Accurate seismic demand assessment of bridges needs
to realistically account for combined actions.
Objectives
An efficient analytical scheme considering axial-shearflexural interaction
Shear and flexural hysteretic models reflecting the
effects of axial load variation and accumulated material
damage (e.g. strength deterioration, stiffness degrading,
and pinching behavior)
Axial-Shear-Flexural Interaction
MCFT
fy
fc1
vxy
fx
fsx
vcxy
fsy
f cr
f c1 1 200
1
2
2
2
f c 2 f c 2,max 2 ' '
c c
f sx Es x f y , x
f sy Es y f y , y
fcx
fc2
fcy
Equilibrium
Strain Compatibility
Constitutive Law
M=V*h
DECK
F-UEL
S-UEL
h *
F-UEL
FNDN
SSI spring
V
S-UEL
= { i*dy*yi + i*dy }
Rigid Column
S-UEL
dy
MCFT
yi
M
F-UEL
70
0.06
70
60
0.06
0.055
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
total displ.
20
10
10
0
M/V ratio
shear
displ.
total
displ.
flexural
displ.
shear displ.
flexural displ.
5
10
15
Total5Displacement10
(mm)
15
Total Displacement (mm)
300
90
300
90
250
VV-23
200
Moment
(kN-m)
Moment
(kN-m)
Shear
(kN)(kN)
Shear
0.025
0.02
0
5
10
15
0.02Maximum
moment
capacity is
Total
Displ.
(mm)
0
5
10
15
Total Displ. (mm)
bounded
by pure bending case
M- 1
VV-12
200
VV-3
150
VV-45
150
VV-56
100
VV-67
100
VV-78
50
VV-89
50
0
0.03
0.025
V- 1
250
Shear-to-Total
Displ.
Ratio
Shear-to-Total
Displ.
Ratio
Shear
(kN)(kN)
Shear
Column
Height
(m) (m)
Column
Height
4
6
8
Shear
Strain
(mm/m)
4
6
8
10
10
V- 9
12
12
MM-12
60
MM-23
60
MM-34
MM-45
MM-67
30
M=V*h
dy
MM-78
yi
MM-56
30
MM-89
0
10
15
20
Curvature
(rad/km)
10
15
20
Curvature (rad/km)
25
25
M-9
M
30
30
Structural characteristics
Damage in the column
Loading history
Varying during earthquake !!
Shear Force
Hysteretic Loop
25
20
15
Vy
G
F
10
V
O
Shear Force
Vcr
-10
D
-15
-20
-25
-80
U
N
-5
Shear Displacement
R
-60
-40
-20
0
Shear Displacement
20
40
60
80
Outline
Introduction
Model Verification
Summary
Quake Summit 2010
PEER-93
100
PEER-121
700
600
80
PEER-122
250
200
P/P0=-5%(T)
40
P/P0=-2%(T)
P/P0= 5%(C)
P/P0=20%(C)
10
20
30
Column Tip Drift (mm)
Kunnath et al.
H/D=4.5
300
P/P0=-5%(T)
P/P0=-2%(T)
P/P0= 0 (-)
P/P0= 5%(C)
P/P0=10%(C)
100
P/P0=10%(C)
0
400
200
P/P0= 0 (-)
20
40
Shear (kN)
60
Shear (kN)
Shear (kN)
500
10
15
Column Tip Drift (mm)
Calderone-328
H/D=3.0
20
P/P0=-5%(T)
P/P0=-2%(T)
P/P0= 0 (-)
P/P0= 5%(C)
P/P0=10%(C)
100
50
P/P0=20%(C)
0
150
25
P/P0=20%(C)
0
50
100
Column Tip Drift (mm)
150
Calderone-828
H/D=8.0
Ultimate capacity and stiffness increase with compressive axial load level.
Yielding displacement is almost fixed, regardless of applied axial load.
Cracking point is getting smaller as axial force decreasing, implying the
column being relatively easy to be cracked.
Quake Summit 2010
10
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-10
2
Vy (P/P0=n%) / Vy (P/P0=5%C)
Y = 0.68*(X+0.25)2+0.01
10
20
30
P/P0 (%), Compression is "+".
1.5
1
0.5
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
2.5
Y =-2.15*(X-0.60)2+1.65
0
-10
Y = 1.47*(X+0.25)2+0.02
0
-10
40
Vu(P/P0=n%) / Vy (P/P0=5%C)
0.5
10
20
30
P/P0 (%), Compression is "+".
40
10
20
30
P/P0 (%), Compression is "+".
40
Y =-3.20*(X-0.60)2+2.32
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-10
10
20
30
P/P0 (%), Compression is "+".
40
cr ( P / P0 n%)
P
0.68*( 0.25) 2 0.01
y ( P / P0 5%)
P0
Vcr ( P / P0 n%)
P
1.47 *( 0.25) 2 0.02
Vy ( P / P0 5%)
P0
Vy ( P / P0 n%)
Vu ( P / P0 n%)
P
3.20*( 0.6) 2 2.32
Vy ( P / P0 5%)
P0
Vy ( P / P0 5%)
2.15*(
P
0.6) 2 1.65
P0
11
DL def .level
(Ii%)
SL stress.level
a
b
b
deflection
i
ii
iii
iv
V(iI)%
VcrI %
(ni%) DL * crn %
V(ni )% SL *Vcrn %
I%
cr
SL stress level
(Iii%) crI %
*y crI %
V( iiI %) VcrI %
VyI % VcrI %
n%
( iv )
I%
( iv )
V(ivI %)
VuI %
(niii%) (Iiii%)
V(iiiI %) VyI %
VuI % VyI %
12
c
Stress Level Index
10%
Vm10%
Vy10%
Veff10%
Equivalent
stress level
Vm0%
Vy0%
Veff0%
0%
c
y
max
max
-5%
Vm5%
Vy5%
Veff5%
c
y
d
max
Keep N, change : 1 2
Veff10%
10%
Veff10%
10%
Veff5%
-5%
Veff5%
-5%
c
d
c
1
max
13
Outline
Introduction
Model Verification
Summary
Quake Summit 2010
14
TP-034
Height
Diameter
15
200
150
TP-031
50
200
0
-50
100
-100
-150
-200
-80
TP-031
Sakai and Kawashima
H/D=3.375
150
-60
-40
-20
0
20
Displacement (mm)
100
TP-032
Sakai and Kawashima
H/D=3.375
50
Analytical
Experimental
0
40
60
80
-50
TP-032
-100
-150
-200
-80
Analytical
Experimental
-60
-40
-20
0
20
Displacement (mm)
40
60
80
16
200
150
50
TP-031
Axial load
increasing
150
-50
100
Axial load decreasing
-100
-150
-200
-80
Hysteretic Loop
200
-60
-40
-20
0
20
Displacement (mm)
100
TP-034
TP-033
Sakai and Kawashima
H/D=3.375
Axial load
increasing
TP-034
Sakai and Kawashima
H/D=3.375
50
Analytical
Experimental
0
40
60
80
-50
TP-032
-100
TP-033
-150
-200
-80
Analytical
Experimental
-60
-40
-20
0
20
Displacement (mm)
40
60
80
17
100
Shear (kN)
50
0
-50
1000
-100
500
OpenSees w/ V-EQ
OpenSees w/o V-EQ
ABAQUS w/ V-EQ
ABAQUS w/o V-EQ
-150
0
-200
-500
-20
2
-10
6
0
10
10
Tip Displ. (mm)
200
150
Shear (kN)
200
-200
4
6
Time (s)
10
20
30
20
0
-20
0
4
6
Time (s)
10
18
19
Outline
Introduction
Model Verification
Summary
Quake Summit 2010
20
0.02
w /o V-EQ
no shift on V-EQ
0
-0.4s -0.3s -0.2s -0.1s
0
V
4
6
Time (s)
(a) Horizontal:
Vertical:
10
WN22 (Tp=0.488s);
WN22 (Tp=0.138s)
8
6
4
(b) Horizontal:
Vertical:
w /o V-EQ
0.5352(g)
0.4521(g)
no shift on V-EQ
4
6
Time (s)
10
x 10
8
6
4
2
10
WN22 (Tp=0.488s);
NO4 (Tp=0.322s)
x 10
no shift on V-EQ
0
-0.4s -0.3s -0.2s -0.1s 0.0 0.1s 0.2s 0.3s 0.4s
0.08
w /o V-EQ
tpeak
- tpeak
V
H
no shift on V-EQ
0
-0.4s -0.3s -0.2s -0.1s 0.0 0.1s 0.2s 0.3s 0.4s
tpeak
- tpeak
V
H
0
-0.5
w /o V-EQ
x 10
0
-0.4s -0.3s -0.2s -0.1s
0.5
10
tpeak
- tpeak
V
H
w /o V-EQ
no shift on V-EQ
0
-0.4s -0.3s -0.2s -0.1s
tpeak
- tpeak
V
H
-0.4432(g)
x 10
tpeak
- tpeak
V
H
H
-0.5
Acceleration (g)
0.04
0.4521(g)
0.06
Acceleration (g)
0.5
0.08
Max Column Drift (m)
0.06
0.04
0.02
w /o V-EQ
no shift on V-EQ
0
-0.4s -0.3s -0.2s -0.1s 0.0 0.1s 0.2s 0.3s 0.4s
tpeak
- tpeak
V
H
21
0
-1
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
PGA V / PGA H
(a) Horizontal:
Vertical:
0.8
1.0
WN22 (Tp=0.488s);
WN22 (Tp=0.138s)
Max
min
1
0
-1
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
PGA V / PGA H
(b) Horizontal:
Vertical:
0.4
0.6
PGA V / PGA H
0.8
0.8
1.0
1.0
WN22 (Tp=0.488s);
NO4 (Tp=0.322s)
0.2
0.4
0.6
PGA V / PGA H
0.8
1.0
0.8
1.0
0.8
1.0
x 10
8
6
4
2
w /o V-EQ
0.2
0.4
0.6
PGA V / PGA H
0.8
10
x 10
8
6
4
2
w /o V-EQ
0
0.0
1.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
PGA V / PGA H
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0.0
w /o V-EQ
0
0.0
0.08
x 10
10
0
0.0
0.2
x 10
min
w /o V-EQ
x 10
0
0.0
x 10
3
Max Base Shear (N)
w /o V-EQ
0.2
0.4
0.6
PGA V / PGA H
0.8
1.0
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0.0
w /o V-EQ
0.2
0.4
0.6
PGA V / PGA H
22
C2@B2
-0.02
0
Column Drift (m)
0.02
0.04
0.06
Force-Displacement //Trans.
x 10
-3
-0.04
-0.02
-0.01
0
0.01
Column Drift (m)
0.02
0.03
0.04
2
0
10
10
-0.005
0
0.005
Rotation Angle @ F-UEL (rad)
6
Moment-Rotation @Trans.
x 10
4
2
10
10
10
10
10
x 10
3
2.5
2
1.5
x 10
10 0.01
8
6
4
-2
-4
1 -8
-0.025
1
3.5
2 -6
x -8
10
15 -0.01
1
6
0.5 -4
1
2
-6
-0.03
1 -2
10
1.5
-2
5Moment-Rotation
6
7
8
9
@Longi.
x 10
6
-1
0.01
-0.04
H only
0.02
C2@B1
C1@B2
2.5
2 6
x 10
V+H
0.03
-2
-0.06
0.04
-0.02
4
5
6
7
Earthquake Index Number
10
C1@B1
Moment (N-m)
-1
0.02
-3
-0.08
H only
V+H
0.04
Force-Displacement //Longi.
x 10
0.06
Moment (N-m)
0.01
3
2
1
0
0.015
4
5
6
7
Earthquake Index Number
23
Summary
24
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thank You!
Thanks for your attention !
25
Linear or Nonlinear
spring elements
y
fiber
z
y
x
z
26
100
100
50
50
0
-50
0
-50
-100
-150
-60
150
Shear (kN)
Shear (kN)
150
-100
Test TP-021
nonLinear M-
-40
-20
0
20
Displacement (mm)
40
60
-150
-60
Test TP-021
OpenSees Fiber
-40
-20
0
20
Displacement(mm)
40
60
27
200
100
-10.0%
0
EXP
-100
0%
P/Po= 12.80%
proposed Eq's
-200
-60
-40
-20
0
20
Total Displacement (mm)
40
60
100
-10.0%
50
P/P0= 12.80%
OpenSees
0
10
20
30
Total Displacement (mm)
40
200
Lateral Load (kN)
150
200
150
100
50
0
25.0%
200
10%
Lateral Load (kN)
10
15
Total Displacement (mm)
20
150
100
50
0
5
10
Total Displacement (mm)
15
28