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First,
lets talk
about
how
atoms
came to
exist
When did chemical processes start to occur?
A quark is an example of a
subatomic particle: it is a fastmoving point of energy.
Quarks make up protons and
neutrons, which, in turn, make up
an atom's nucleus.
Note: In addition to electrons and
quarks, physicists have identified a
number of other subatomic
particles. Quantum physics
describes the subatomic world as
one that cannot be depicted in
diagrams. Particles are not dots in
space (as depicted in this
presentation), but are more like
Atomos: Not to
Be Cut
The History of Atomic
Theory
Atomic Models
This model of the atom may
look familiar to you. This is
the Bohr model. In this
model, the nucleus is
orbited by electrons, which
are
in different energy
levels.
A model uses familiar
ideas to explain
unfamiliar facts
observed in nature.
A model can be changed
as new information is
collected.
6
The atomic
model has
changed
throughout the
centuries,
starting in 400
BC, when it
looked like a
billiard ball
Democritus
This is the Greek
philosopher Democritus
who began the search for
a description of matter
more than 2400 years ago.
He asked: Could
matter be divided
into smaller and
smaller pieces
forever, or was there
a limit to the number
of times a piece of
matter could be
divided?
400 BC
Atomos
His theory: Matter
could not be divided
into smaller and
smaller pieces forever,
eventually the
smallest possible
piece would be
obtained.
This piece would be
indivisible.
He named the
10
smallest piece of
Atomos
To Democritus,
atoms were small,
hard particles that
were all made of the
same material but
were different
shapes and sizes.
Atoms were infinite
in number, always
moving and capable
of joining together.
11
12
Why?
The eminent
philosophers
of the time,
Aristotle and
Plato, had a
more
respected,
(and ultimately
wrong) theory.
14
Daltons Model
Daltons Theory
He deduced that all elements
are composed of atoms.
Atoms are indivisible and
indestructible particles.
Atoms of the same element
are exactly alike.
Atoms of different elements
are different.
Compounds are formed by
the joining of atoms of two or
more elements.
16
This theory
became one
of the
foundations
of modern
chemistry.
17
18
Thomson Model
He proposed a
model of the
atom that is
sometimes
called the Plum
Pudding model.
Atoms were
made from a
positively
charged
substance with
negatively
charged
19
Thomson Model
Thomson Model
This surprised
Thomson,
because the
atoms of the
gas were
uncharged.
Where had the
negative
charges come
Where
did they
come
from?
21
22
In 1908, the
English physicist
Ernest
Rutherford was
hard at work on
an experiment
that seemed to
have little to do
with unraveling
the mysteries of
23
24
Rutherfords experiment
25
Rutherford
Rutherford reasoned that all of
an atoms positively charged
particles were contained in the
nucleus. The negatively charged
particles were scattered outside
the nucleus around the atoms
edge.
Electromagnetic
radiation is the
emission and
transmission of energy
in the form of
electromagnetic waves.
28
n: 1,2,3,4,5 etc.
29
Reflection
Refraction
Diffraction: a result of interference
However, the wave nature of
light couldnt explain the
photoelectric effect.
30
KE e-
h = KE +
KE = BE
h - BE
Alkali metals works the best.
31
Light emitted by an electric discharge through (a) hydrogen gas and (b) helium
gas. Light emitted when compounds of the alkali metals are excited in gas
flames (c) lithium, (d) sodium and (e) potassium
32
(396)
410
434
496
.
Johann Balmer (1825-1989) solved the jigsaw puzzle
656
33
Question
34
35
Question
36
37
Questions
38
Photon momentum.
39
Einstein:
(1905)
155 kmph
41
G. P. Thompson
J. J. Thompson
Noble Prize 1937
Noble Prize 1906
42 wav
Showed that electron is a
Showed that electron is a particle
WAVE FUNCTIONS,
E. Schrodinger
Each describes an allowed energy
1887-1961
44
Uncertainty Principle
W. Heisenberg
1901-1976
Bohr Model
In 1913, the
Danish scientist
Niels Bohr
proposed an
improvement. In
his model, he
placed each
electron in a
specific energy
level.
46
Bohr Model
According to
Bohrs atomic
model, electrons
move in definite
orbits around the
nucleus, much
like planets
circle the sun.
These orbits, or
energy levels,
are located at
certain distances
47
1.
2.
Bohrs Model
of
the
Atom
e can only have specific
(quantized) energy values
(1913)
-
En = -RH(
1
n2
48
E = h
E = h
49
ni = 3
ni = 3
ni = 2
nf = 2
Ephoton = E = Ef - Ei
1
Ef = -RH( 2
nf
1
Ei = -RH( 2
ni
1
E = R(H 2
ni
)
)
1
n2f
nnf f==11
50
Line spectrum
k=4 k=3
k=2
k=1
Wave Model
54
55
56
Electron Cloud:
A space in which
electrons are likely to
be found.
Electrons whirl about
the nucleus billions of
times in one second
They are not moving
around in random
patterns.
Location of electrons
depends upon how
much energy the
electron has.
57
Einstein:
(1905)
De Broglie (1924)
reasoned that e- is both
particle and wave.
2r = n
= h/mu
E. Schrodinger
1887-1961
WAVE FUNCTIONS,
Each describes an allowed energy
state of an eQuantization introduced naturally.
Uncertainty Principle
W. Heisenberg
1901-1976
62
Chemists notations.
63
n=1 n=2
n=3
64
n = 1, l = 0
n = 2, l = 0 or 1
n = 3, l = 0, 1, or 2
l=0
l=1
l=2
l=3
s orbital
p orbital
d orbital
f orbital
66
Question
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
l = 0 (s orbitals)
l = 1 (p orbitals)
80
81
82
l = 2 (d orbitals)
83
ml = -1
ml = -2
ml = 0
ml = -1
ml = 0
ml = 1
ml = 1
ml = 2
85
ms = + ms = -
86
87
88
? ?
Li
Be
B
C5
6
34electrons
electrons
2 222 12 1
BBe
Li1s1s
1s
2s2s
2s
2p
H
He1 2electron
electrons
He
H 1s
1s12
89
N
F
O
C
Ne
96
7
8 10
electrons
electrons
electrons
2 222 5
Ne
N
C
O
F 1s
1s
1s222s
2s
2s2p
2p
2p2346
90
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s
91
1s1
principal quantum
number n
angular momentum
quantum number l
Orbital diagram
H
1s1
92
93
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
unpaired electrons
2p
O, S
2p
Ne, Ar
94
Multi-electron atom
96
97
98
99
100
101
Case A
Case B
102
103
104
105
106
H:
656
486
434
410
He: 668
588
502
447
107