2009 5 20

1875 ,

100 19
1859

1865
50mm 8km 127 m3/d
, 2.5 5
1
1879 (TideWater
Pipeline)
152mm 174km
50104
1886 200mm 139km

1920 1920

Big Inch 610mm

2016km 47700m3 1
Little
Big Inch 500mm 2640km
37360m3 7500 1943
1944

 20 60

1964
1020mm, 5500km
1977
1220mm 4412km
1 /
1977
1220mm 1287km
900km 1.2 m3
3m/s
60 77

1988
762mm 2731km 1600

750 800 900

1000mm 8413km 1.4 /
100

2
1
2
3
4
a.

b.
c.
d.

3
(1)
(crude oil trunk line)

(products pipeline)

(2)

1975 1980



(
)
1975 48.02 22.06 28.42 1.50
18.32
1976 48.02 21.86 28.75 1.37
19.45
1977 47.95 21.72 28.94 1.39
20.56
1978 46.24 23.68 28.88 1.20
21.24
1979 46.66 23.45 28.68 1.21
20.96
1980 46.21 25.57 27.04 1.18
19.92

 1991~2000

1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000

18615.60
18311.50
18309.13
17790.98
17507.09
17125.96
17037.00
18186.53
17811.27
18911.28

%
7.20
7.20
9.10
8.28
9.80
9.90
10.40
9.71
10.14
8.97

%
26.90
26.20
24.20
25.27
23.00
21.15
19.30
17.59
15.19
12.36

%
66.60
66.70
66.45
67.20
68.97
70.20
72.70
74.67
78.67

: (1)1998-2000 390kt 2640kt 16950kt

(2) ( 300 0kt-5000kt)

 2000

%
62.9
61.6
61.4

%
19.4
23.9
22.7

%
11.8
14.5
13.3

%
5.9
1.8
2.6

 720

1/2

30

1/71/2

1/10

30%

4
1958 1958

20 70
,
,
60 , 159 720
( )

 20 90

1973

- -

-
- -
-

- -
-


( )

2003 45899km
15915km
6525km 2126km
55000km

(1) : ,
(2) :

70% 85%
20%

2
(1)

H=f(q)
H=a-bq2
H=a-bq2-m a b
m
q
2%

(2)

H a
D0

b
D0

q 2 m

D0 D mm
a b D0

H a
n0

b
n0

q 2 m

n r/min
n0 r/min
a b n0

6010-6m2/s

3
H=f(Q)

(1)
q1
Q

Hc
q2

Q q
H c A BQ 2 m a bq 2 m

 n1 q Q / n1

H c a b
n1

A=a

2 m

a
1
2m
1

b
n12 m

Q 2 m


q>Q/2

Q/2

(2)
Q

q1,H1

q2,H2

Hc

 q=Q

Hc Hi
n2

H c n2 H n2 a n2 bQ 2 m
A n2 aB n2 b

(3)

Q
q
Q
n

q
n

H
H

[H]
H

(4)

70%-80%
90%

H hL h z j zQ
hL
h
(zj-zQ)

hL

LV2
hL
D 2g

L D

f Ree D

e D
Re e/D

(1)

Re2000
2000<Re3000
3000<ReRe1
Re1<ReRe2

Re>Re2

Re1 59.7

Re 2 665 765 lg
2e D

(2)

(e/D
2e/D)

Re1 Re2

0.06mm
0.054mm
DN=250 350 0.125mm
DN>400 0.1mm

(3)

Re<2000

3000<Re<Re1=

f(Re,)

59.<Re<Re
7
2
8/ 7

Re>Re2=

=64/Re

59.7
8/ 7

1
Re
2 lg
2.51

0.3164
Re 105
Re 0.25

665 765 lg

6.8
1
1.8 lg

Re
7
.
4

1
1.74 2 lg

1.11

A
4Q
4Q
Re

2
Re m
D
D

8A
Q 2 m m
hL m 2 m
L
5m
4
g D
8A
m 2m
4
g

v m Q 2 m
hL
L
5 m
D

 A m

64

4.15

0.3164

0.25

0.0246

0.123

0.0802A

0.0826

10

0.127 lg de 0.627

1
2

TPJ TR TZ
3
3

4
i
2

Q 2 m m
1
V
i
i
5 m
D
D 2g

(Q=1m3/s) f

A
i
hL
C

vm
f 5 m
D

i fQ

2 m

D , L , Z

H-Q

H Q 2 m m L / D 5 m h Z

fLQ 2 m h Z

Z
QLJ

HA
A

QA

(1)
1-1 2-2

H s1 H c hc hL ( Z 2 Z1 )

HS1
HC
hc
hL
Z2-Z1

1
2

H s1 A BQ 2 m hc fLQ 2 m Z

Q 2 m

H s1 A Z hc
B fL

H c A BQ 2 m

(2)

Q1

Q2

Q j 2 m

H sj A j hc Z j
B j fL j

Lj Zj j j 1
;
A
j Bj j

Q
Q
:

nA H s 1 Z nhc
Q 2 m
nB fL j
Lj
Z

Q 2 m

A H
i 1

s1

Z nhc

B fL
i 1

H s1 const
H d 1 H s1 H c1 hc

:
2 m

fL1Q

Z 1 H s 2 H d 1

H s 2 H d 1 fL1Q 2 m Z 1

H d 2 H s 2 H c 2 hc

 j H H fL Q 2 m Z
sj
dj 1
j 1
j 1

H dj H sj 1 fL j Q 2 m Z j
H sj H dj H cj hc
Lj-1 j -1 j

Zj-1 j j -1


1
D T0 ,
K , G C
TR LR L

TL (T0 b ) TR T0 b e aL

KD
Gig
gi
,b

GC
K D
Ca

T=T0+b

T
TR

T

T0+b

TZ TR
10 TZ 2 3

100


30-40
0.25

T0
T0
T0
, T0

3
(
)
L D G K C T ,
TR TZ :

GC
TR T0 b
L
ln
KD TZ T0 b
'
R

: n

'
R

LR
:

L
'
LR
L

nR

, nR
,
TR

 ,
TZ TR
Gmin
TR TR maxTZ TZ min
D K LR T0T
Rmax Tzmin
:

Gmin

KDLR

TR max T0 b
C ln
TZ min T0 b

K Q H

GC TR T0 b
K
ln
DL Tz T0 b

giG
b
KD

 K W/m2
TR
Tz
G kg/s
C J/kg
T0
i
g g=9.8m/s2
D m
L m

P1 P2
106 z 2 z1
g
i
L
P1 MPa
P2 MPa
z1 m
z2 m
kg/m3

29
30 24 25

p H G
C

GHg 1
gH 1

T
1
1
GC
C
p ( 2% ~ 3%)

 600m, p=70%
1

T g H / C

5
(1)

 :
T TsL CLY
,
:

C Ly

15
4

1.687 3.39 10

d415 15

(kJ/kg )

 : Tcmax<T<TsL Tcmax

C Ly 4.186 Ae

nT

(kJ/kg )

A n

: 0TTcmax
:
C Ly 4.186 Be mT (kJ/kg )
B m

(2)

y 0.1371 0.54 10 3 T / d 415

y T W/m

T
d41515

(3)

1
e u T
2

1 T2

1 2 T1 T2
u

u
u 0.01 0.03
u 0.06 0.10

(4)

T 20 (T 20)
1.825 0.001315 20
T 20 T 20

6 K
K 1

D( i 1 )
1
1
1

ln

2 i
Di
2 D2
1 D1

1%

10%
90%

(1)

(2)

(3)

2
(1)

(2)

(1)

(2)

A
Q D

Q
D

H D

H D

N D

N D

D
E
Q n

Q
n

H n

H n


20%

(3)

3~5% 10~25%


1
(1)

D L Z T0 K
H Q

H Q T
H=f1(Q,T)=f2(Q,TR)=f3(Q,TZ)

 D L Z T0 K
Q TR TZ
TR TZ

TZ
TR TR

(2)

 TR

TZ

TZ
H
TZ
HTz1
HTz2
T
Z

TZ
HTz2-Q
HTz1-Q

Tz2>Tz1
Q

 TZ Q
H

Q V H
Q TR Tm m H
QH H=f(Q)

T0 K u

 TR
TR
TZ

Q V H
Q TZ Tm m H

QH
Q H H Q

(3)
TR
QH
Q
QH

 TR

T0

TTZT0 Q , TZ
TZ
H=f(Q) ,
Q ,
H
T0

III

QVH H
QTZ,Tm( )

Tm

H
T
Z

T
0

III

Q TZ

QH

III

TZ

T0

(4)

259mm 20.5km

TR=50 T0=0

u<0.06


dhR/dQ=0 u hR=f(Q)
u
u(TR-T0)>20 u=0.1(
u 0.1) TR-T0>200

u(TRT0)>3 u=0.05 TR-T0>60

u=0.1 TR-T0>30

 u TR

( )
1)
2)
3)
( ) ( )


10

2
S

Sp SR :

S S p SR
SR

C y TR TZ

ey

LR

R BH

2.723 10 3 Hed
SP
Pe LR

 ey , /

ed ,

BH /kWh
, kJ/kg
Cy kJ/kg
R
pe
LR , km
H m

 Q
TR S
SR

SP SR SP TR

SR
SP

Smin
Smin
T*Rj
H*Rj
H*Rj

T*Rj

TR

1
(1)

(2)

(3)

 45
30 40 30

, , ,
, ,
, ,

Re

1.5m/s

(1)

dL
dL

Q 2 m m
DdL
L
h

1
5 m

1
dL ( D0 DdL )
2
P1 P2
h
106 z 2 z1
g

 dL m
DdL m
h m
D0 m
P1 MPa
P2 MPa
z1 m
z2 m
kg/m3
L m
m2/s
Q m3/s
m
=0.0246 m=0.25

(2)

0.15w/m

(3)

D0
D0-2dL
TR

(4)

10

(1)

(2)

(3) 1.5m/s

(4)

(5)

(6)

B
C
D
E

( )

(1)

(2)

20%

(3)

2 4

70 100

40
GB3485 40

Y-
Y-

1/3
1 3

15 20

 ( )

-
-