Data Mining:

4. Metode dan Algoritma

Romi Satria Wahono
romi@romisatriawahono.net
http://romisatriawahono.net/dm
WA/SMS: +6281586220090

Romi Satria Wahono

SD Sompok Semarang (1987)
SMPN 8 Semarang (1990)
SMA Taruna Nusantara Magelang (1993)
B.Eng, M.Eng and Ph.D in Software Engineering from
Saitama University Japan (1994-2004)
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (2014)
Research Interests: Software Engineering,
Machine Learning
Founder dan Koordinator IlmuKomputer.Com
Peneliti LIPI (2004-2007)
Founder dan CEO PT Brainmatics Cipta Informatika
2

Course Outline
1. Pengenalan Data Mining
2. Proses Data Mining
3. Evaluasi dan Validasi pada Data Mini
ng
4. Metode dan Algoritma Data Mining
5. Penelitian Data Mining

4. Metode dan Algoritma

1. Inferring rudimentary rules
2. Statistical modeling
3. Constructing decision trees
4. Constructing rules
5. Association rule learning
6. Linear models
7. Instance-based learning
8. Clustering

Simplicity first
Simple algorithms often work very well!
There are many kinds of simple structure, eg:

One attribute does all the work

All attributes contribute equally & independently
A weighted linear combination might do
Instance-based: use a few prototypes
Use simple logical rules

Success of method depends on the domain

Inferring rudimentary rules

1R: learns a 1-level decision tree
I.e., rules that all test one particular attribute

Basic version
One branch for each value
Each branch assigns most frequent class
Error rate: proportion of instances that dont bel
ong to the majority class of their corresponding b
ranch
Choose attribute with lowest error rate
(assumes nominal attributes)

Pseudo-code for 1R
For each attribute,
For each value of the attribute, make a
rule as follows:
count how often each class appears
find the most frequent class
make the rule assign that class to this
attribute-value
Calculate the error rate of the rules
Choose the rules with the smallest error
rate

Note: missing is treated as a separate attri

bute value

Evaluating the weather attrib

utes

Outlook

Temp

Humidit
y

Wind
y

Play

Sunny

Hot

High

False

No

Sunny

Hot

High

True

No

Overcast

Hot

High

False

Yes

Rainy

Mild

High

False

Yes

Rainy

Cool

Normal

False

Yes

Rainy

Cool

Normal

True

No

Overcast

Cool

Normal

True

Yes

Sunny

Mild

High

False

No

Sunny

Cool

Normal

False

Yes

Rainy

Mild

Normal

False

Yes

Sunny

Mild

Normal

True

Yes

Overcast

Mild

High

True

Yes

Overcast

Hot

Normal

False

Yes

Rainy

Mild

High

True

No

Attribute

Rules

Error
s

Outlook

Sunny No

2/5

Overcast Yes

0/4

Rainy Yes

2/5

Hot No*

2/4

Mild Yes

2/6

Cool Yes

1/4

High No

3/7

Normal Yes

1/7

False Yes

2/8

True No*

3/6

Temp

Humidity

Windy

Total
error
s
4/14

5/14

4/14

5/14

Dealing with numeric attribut

es
Discretize numeric attributes
Divide each attributes range into intervals
Sort instances according to attributes values
Place breakpoints where class changes (majority clas
s)
This minimizes the total error
64
65
68
69 70
85
Yes | No | Yes Yes Yes | No

71

72

72

75

75

80

81

Example: temperature from weather data

Outlook

No Yes | Yes Yes | No | Yes

Yes |

Humidity

Windy

Play

Sunny

Temperatur
e
85

85

False

No

Sunny

80

90

True

No

Overcast

83

86

False

Yes

Rainy

75

80

False

Yes

83
No

The problem of overfitting

This procedure is very sensitive to noise
One instance with an incorrect class label will pr
obably produce a separate interval

Also: time stamp attribute will have zero erro

rs
Simple solution:
enforce minimum number of instances in ma
jority class per interval
65
68(with
69 70
72 72
75 75
80
81
83
64Example
min 71
= 3):
Yes | No | Yes
64
Yes

65
No

Yes Yes | No

68
69 70
Yes Yes Yes | No

No Yes | Yes Yes | No | Yes

71 72
No Yes

72
75
75
Yes Yes | No

Yes |

80
81
Yes Yes

85

No

83
No

85

With overfitting avoidance

Attribute
Resulting rule
set:
Rules
Outlook

Temperature

Humidity

Windy

Errors

Total errors

Sunny No

2/5

4/14

Overcast Yes

0/4

Rainy Yes

2/5

77.5 Yes

3/10

> 77.5 No*

2/4

82.5 Yes

1/7

> 82.5 and 95.5 No

2/6

> 95.5 Yes

0/1

False Yes

2/8

True No*

3/6

5/14

3/14

5/14

Discussion of 1R
1R was described in a paper by Holte (1993)
Contains an experimental evaluation on 16 datas
ets (using cross-validation so that results were re
presentative of performance on future data)
Minimum number of instances was set to 6 after
some experimentation
1Rs simple rules performed not much worse tha
n much more complex decision trees

Simplicity first pays off!

Very Simple Classification Rules Perform Well

on Most Commonly Used Datasets
Robert C. Holte, Computer Science Department,
University of Ottawa

Discussion of 1R: Hyperpipes

Another simple technique: build one rule for
each class
Each rule is a conjunction of tests, one for each a
ttribute
For numeric attributes: test checks whether insta
nce's value is inside an interval
Interval given by minimum and maximum observed in t
raining data

For nominal attributes: test checks whether value

is one of a subset of attribute values
Subset given by all possible values observed in training
data

Class with most matching tests is predicted

Statistical modeling
Opposite of 1R: use all the attributes
Two assumptions: Attributes are
equally important
statistically independent (given the class value)
I.e., knowing the value of one attribute says nothing ab
out the value of another (if the class is known)

Independence assumption is never correct!

But this scheme works well in practice

Probabilities for weather dat

a

Outlook

Temperature
Yes

Humidity

Yes

No

No

Sunny

Hot

Overcast

Mild

Rainy

Cool

Sunny

2/9

3/5

Hot

2/9

2/5

Overcast

4/9

0/5

Mild

4/9

2/5

Rainy

3/9

2/5

Cool

3/9

1/5

Windy

Yes

No

High

Normal

High
Normal

Play

Yes

No

Yes

No

False

True

3/9

4/5

False

6/9

2/5

6/9

1/5

True

3/9

3/5

9/
14

5/
14

Outlook

Temp

Humidity

Windy

Play

Sunny

Hot

High

False

No

Sunny

Hot

High

True

No

Overcast

Hot

High

False

Yes

Rainy

Mild

High

False

Yes

Rainy

Cool

Normal

False

Yes

Rainy

Cool

Normal

True

No

Overcast

Cool

Normal

True

Yes

Sunny

Mild

High

False

No

Sunny

Cool

Normal

False

Yes

Rainy

Mild

Normal

False

Yes

Sunny

Mild

Normal

True

Yes

Overcast

Mild

High

True

Yes

Overcast

Hot

Normal

False

Yes

Rainy

Mild

High

True

No

Probabilities for weather dat

a

Outlook

Temperature
Yes

Humidity

Yes

No

Sunny

Hot

Overcast

Mild

Rainy

Cool

Sunny

2/9

3/5

Hot

2/9

2/5

Overcast

4/9

0/5

Mild

4/9

2/5

Rainy

3/9

2/5

Cool

3/9

1/5

A new day:

No

Windy

Yes

No

High

Normal

High
Normal

Outlook

Temp.

Sunny

Cool

Play

Yes

No

Yes

No

False

True

3/9

4/5

False

6/9

2/5

6/9

1/5

True

3/9

3/5

9/
14

5/
14

Humidit
y
High

Windy

Play

True

Likelihood of the two classes

For yes = 2/9 3/9 3/9 3/9 9/14 = 0.0053
For no = 3/5 1/5 4/5 3/5 5/14 = 0.0206
Conversion into a probability by normalization:
P(yes) = 0.0053 / (0.0053 + 0.0206) = 0.205
P(no) = 0.0206 / (0.0053 + 0.0206) = 0.795

Bayess rule
Probability of event H given evidence E:

A priori probability of H :
Probability of event before evidence is seen
A posteriori probability of H :

Probability of event after evidence is seen

Thomas Bayes
Born: 1702 in London, England
Died: 1761 in Tunbridge Wells, Kent,
England

Nave Bayes for classification

Classification learning: whats the probabilit
y of the class given an instance?
Evidence E = instance
Event H = class value for instance
Nave assumption: evidence splits into parts
(i.e. attributes) that are independent

Weather data example

Outlook

Temp.

Sunny

Cool

Humidit
y
High

Windy Play
True

EvidenceE

Probabilityof
classyes

Cognitive Assignment II
1. Pahami dan kuasai satu algoritma data
mining dari berbagai literatur
2. Rangkumkan dengan detail dalam bentu
k slide, dengan format:
1. Definisi
2. Tahapan Algoritma
3. Penerapan Tahapan Algoritma untuk Dataset Main
Golf atau Iris
4. Code Java dari Algoritma

3. Presentasikan di Pertemuan Berikutnya

Pilihan Algoritma
1. Neural Network
2. Logistic Regression
3. Support Vector Mach
ine
4. K-Means
5. K-Nearest Neighbor
6. Self-Organizing Map
7. Linear Regression
8. Nave Bayes
9. FP-Growth

Referensi
1. Ian H. Witten, Frank Eibe, Mark A. Hall, Data mining: Practical
Machine Learning Tools and Techniques 3rd Edition, Elsevie
r, 2011
2. Daniel T. Larose, Discovering Knowledge in Data: an Introduc
tion to Data Mining, John Wiley & Sons, 2005
3. Florin Gorunescu, Data Mining: Concepts, Models and Techn
iques, Springer, 2011
4. Jiawei Han and Micheline Kamber, Data Mining: Concepts an
d Techniques Third Edition, Elsevier, 2012
5. Oded Maimon and Lior Rokach, Data Mining and Knowledge
Discovery Handbook Second Edition, Springer, 2010
6. Warren Liao and Evangelos Triantaphyllou (eds.), Recent Adv
ances in Data Mining of Enterprise Data: Algorithms and Appl
ications, World Scientific, 2007