PERCEPTION AND

SENSATION

Ghazal Riaz Ahmed

sec A,B
 1-Article

►Roleof perception and

sensation in our daily life
 1-Assignment
Q-What is perceptual organization?
explain it with the help of
examples.

Q-What is illusion ? give daily life

examples of illusion
 Article
Maslow’s
Hierarchy Of
Needs
2-Assignment
PERCEPTION AND SENSATION
 sensation
►Sensation is the passive
process through which stimuli
are received by sense
receptors and transformed into
neural impulses that can be
carried through the nervous
system.
 Sensation

The processes by which

our sense organs receive
information from the
environment.
 Perception
The process by
which the brain
organizes and
interprets sensory
information.
 HUMAN SENSES
► Vision
► Hearing
► Smell
► Touch
► Taste
 What is Perception?
The processes by which people select,
organize, and interpret sensations.

Perception is our sensory

experience of the world around us
and involves both the recognition
of environmental stimuli and
actions in response to these
stimuli.
Sensation & Perception Processes
 Perception

Perceptual Expectancy
 Perceptual
Constancies
 Perceptual
Organization
The World of Illusions
 Perceptual
Expectancy
►Perceptual Expectancy is the
culmination of all our
experiences that directs us to
perceive the world from a
unique perspective.
Perceptual
Expectancy
Context Effects
Perceptual constancy
►Perceptual constancy is the
tendency to perceive objects in a
consistent manner despite the
changing sensations that are
received by our senses.
 Perceptual constancy

1-Size Constancy
2 Shape Constancy
3 Position Constancy
4 Brightness Constancy
5 Color Constancy
 Perceptual Constancies

► Size Constancy
 The tendency to view an object as constant
in size despite changes in the size of the
retinal image.

► Shape Constancy

 The tendency to see an object as keeping

its form despite changes in orientation.
 Shape Constancy
► Even though these images cast shadows of
different shapes, we still see it as round
Color Constancy
Afterimages
 Perceptual
organization
The field of psychology is
full of fascinating facts.
How many fs did
you find?
 Figure and ground relations
►Important rule of perceptual
organization is the figure-ground
relationship. when we look at a
scene, we tend to separate a main
figure from ground.
 Figure/Ground Qualities
►Figure ►Ground
 shape  shapeless
 bounded  continuous
 near  far
 identified  not identified
 meaning  meaningless
 remembered  forgotten
 Gestalt Grouping
► Gestalt
strategies that the brain uses to
group sensory building blocks into
perceptual units:

1-Proximity:
things that are near each other tend to be
grouped together.
 2-Closure: the brain fill in to gap in order
to perceive complete forms.

3-Similarity:things that are alike in some

way tend to be perceived as belonging to
gather.

4-Continuity:
lines and patterns tend to be perceived as
continuing in time or space.
►Continuity
Muller-Lyer
illusion
The World of
Illusions
Visual illusion
The World of Illusions
The Ponzo Illusion
Illusions
larger objects are perceived as
nearer
Look at this picture for 3 seconds
then draw it from memory
 Psychological and Cultural
Influences on Perception
► We are more likely to perceive
something when we need it.
► What we believe can affect what we
perceive.
► Emotions, such as fear, can influence
perceptions of sensory information.
 camouflage
► Camouflage is something that animals,
insects and even people can use to
hide or blend into the environment.

► Camouflage is effective because of the

gestalt laws of perceptual
organization.
 Sensory Adaptation
and Deprivation
Adaptation
The reduction or disappearance of
sensory responsiveness when
stimulation is unchanging or
repetitious.
►Deprivation

The absence of normal

levels of sensory
stimulation.
►Extrasensory Perception
(ESP)

 The ability to perceive

something without ordinary
sensory information.

 This has not been

scientifically demonstrated.
►Parapsychologistsdistinguish
between three types of ESP:

 Telepathy – Mind-to-mind
communication
 Clairvoyance – Perception of remote
events
 Precognition – Ability to see future
events
END