TAR1 Chapter 01d

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The American Republic To 1877

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Chapter Introduction
Section 1
Early Peoples
Section 2
Cities and Empires
Section 3
North American Peoples
Chapter Summary
Chapter Assessment
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Chapter Objectives
Section 1: Early Peoples
Understand how the first people arrived in the
Americas.
Cite the discovery that changed the lives of the
early Native Americans.
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Chapter Objectives
Section 2: Cities and Empires
Describe why powerful empires arose in the
Americas.
Investigate how the people of each empire adapted
to their environment.

Chapter Objectives
Section 3: North American Peoples
Explore what early people lived in North
America.
Examine how different Native American groups
adapted to their environments.

Why It Matters
Thousands of years ago small groups of hunters
crossed a bridge of land that connected Siberia
and Alaska. Eventually, they spread throughout
North and South America.
The Impact Today

These first people, called Native Americans,
influenced later cultures. Native Americans are
part of the modern world, yet many of them also
preserve the ways of life, customs, and traditions
developed by their ancestors centuries ago.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
The first Americans spread throughout North,
Central, and South America.
Key Terms
archaeology
artifact
Ice Age
nomad

migration
maize
carbon dating
culture
Guide to Reading (cont.)

Reading Strategy
Determining Cause and Effect As you read Section
1, re-create the diagram shown on page 16 of your
textbook and explain why the first Americans came to
the continent and the consequences of their arrival.
Read to Learn
how the first people arrived in the Americas.
which discovery changed the lives of the early
Native Americans.


Section Theme
Geography and History The Ice Age made it possible
for hunters to migrate to the Americas.
Arrowhead, hand-chipped stone

The Journey From Asia

The first people migrated from Asia to North,
Central, and South America during the last Ice
Age.
They reached the Americas thousands of years
ago.
This migration took centuries, and people
spread out across the Americas as far east as
the Atlantic Ocean and as far south as the tip
of South America.
(pages 1618)
The Journey From Asia (cont.)

These early people crossed a land bridge from
Siberia in northeastern Asia to present-day
Alaska.
This land bridge, Beringia, now lies under the
waters of the Bering Strait.
These early Americans were nomads, moving
from place to place in search of food.
These early people were skilled hunters. They
used every part of the animal for food,
clothing, weapons, and tools.
(pages 1618)
The Journey From Asia (cont.)
Why did these early people spread out across

the Americas?
Possible answer: They were looking for a
particular climate or land terrain as well as
enough resources so they could survive.
(pages 1618)
Space Bar to display the answer.
Settling Down
As large animals such as the mammoth
disappeared, Native Americans hunted smaller
game and ate plants and berries.
Native Americans began to find new food
sources by learning to plant and raise crops.
People living near the coast or rivers learned to
fish.
Settlers formed villages and communities. Some
people remained nomadic hunters.
Early peoples eventually developed their own
cultures.
(pages 1819)
Settling Down (cont.)
How did early Native Americans learn to

adapt to their environment?
They used the resources around them for
food, clothing, and shelter. They hunted,
fished, planted, and traveled from place to
place in search of their needs.
(pages 1819)
Checking for Understanding

Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the
left.
__
C 1. a period of extremely cold
temperatures when part of the
planets surface was covered with
massive ice sheets
A. archaeology
__
E 2. a way of life of a group of people
who share similar beliefs and
customs
D. migration
__
A 3. the study of ancient peoples
__
D 4. a movement of a large number of
people into a new homeland
__
B 5. an item left behind by early
people that represents their
culture
Space Bar to display the answers.
B. artifact
C. Ice Age
E. culture

Reviewing Facts Why did the first people come
to the Americas?
The first Americans were nomads searching for

food by following animal herds.

Reviewing Themes
Geography and History How did an Ice Age
make it possible for Asian hunters to migrate to
the Americas?
Water froze, sea levels dropped, and large areas

of land such as Beringia were exposed, allowing
migration.

Critical Thinking
Determining Cause and Effect How do you
think the first Americans discovered that they
could grow their own plants?
Analyzing Visuals
Geography Skills Study the map on page 18
of your textbook. In which direction did the
travelers migrate across the Bering Strait?
Travelers migrated east and southeast across the

Bering Strait.

Geography Create a version of the map on

page 18 of your textbook. Your version can be
larger, if needed. Label all land masses and
bodies of water. Illustrate the map to tell the
story of how the first Americans migrated to
North America.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
Several factors led to the rise and decline of great
civilizations and empires in the Americas.
Key Terms
civilization
theocracy
hieroglyphics
terrace


Reading Strategy
Categorizing Information As you read the section, recreate the diagram on page 22 of your textbook and
describe the role religion played in each civilization.
Read to Learn
why powerful empires arose in the Americas.
how the people of each empire adapted to their
environment.


Section Theme
Culture and Traditions Civilizations such as the
Maya, the Aztec, and the Inca arose in present-day
Mexico and in Central and South America.
Artifact c. A.D. 900

Early American Civilizations

Several great civilizations arose in present-day
Mexico and in Central and South America.
The most advanced were the Olmec, the Maya,
the Aztec, and the Inca. Each thrived for
centuries.
The Olmec people lived in what is now
Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras, between
1500 B.C. and 3000 B.C.
The Olmec built stone pavement and drainage
systems and sculpted large stone monuments.
Their civilization influenced their neighbors.
(pages 2223)
Early American Civilizations (cont.)
Why do you think early American civilizations

developed along large bodies of water?
Possible answer: Early people settled near
water as a means of transportation and a way
to farm. If they needed to flee quickly, they
could navigate along the waters.
(pages 2223)
The Maya
The Mayan civilization flourished in presentday Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and Belize.
The people built large cities, each having at

least one stone pyramid.
Tikal was the largest Mayan city and had five
pyramids.
The Mayan civilization was a theocracy, or a
society ruled by religious leaders.
(pages 2324)
The Maya (cont.)

The Maya believed that the gods controlled all
that happened on Earth.
Atop the pyramids were religious and
governmental centers.
The Maya became skilled astronomers and
developed a writing system called
hieroglyphics.
Mayan traders transported their goods such as
maize, vegetables, jade, turquoise jewelry, and
cacao beans on their backs and along the
water.
(pages 2324)
The Maya (cont.)

No one knows what caused the decline
of the Maya around A.D. 900, but descendants
of the Maya still live in parts of Mexico and
Central America.
(pages 2324)
The Maya (cont.)
Why do you think the Maya believed that the

gods controlled what happened on Earth?
It was an easy way to explain what they did
not understand, such as the change of seasons
or the weather.
(pages 2324)
The Aztec
Founded in 1325, Tenochtitln was the home of
the Aztec and their capital city.
Situated on an island, it was one of the largest
cities in the Americas.
Workers toiled day and night to make
causeways linking the island to the mainland
and filling in Lake Texcoco, upon which the
city was built.
Tenochtitln was also a center of trade.
The Aztec people were warriors and
conquered nearly all rival communities. They
built a military empire.
(pages 2426)
The Aztec (cont.)

From the conquered people, the Aztec took
weapons, maize, cotton cloth, and copper.
The Aztec forced their captives to work
as slaves.
The Aztec people also believed in pleasing the
gods.
Their society was organized around religion,
and they sacrificed thousands
of prisoners in religious ceremonies.
(pages 2426)
The Aztec (cont.)
How did the Aztec build a military empire?

They went to war and conquered neighboring
communities. They stole weapons from the
conquered people to help build their empire.
They used the conquered people as slaves to
help them expand their capital city.
(pages 2426)
The Inca
The Inca Empire developed in the western
highlands of South America.
Cuzco, the capital city, was founded around
A.D. 1200.
The Inca ruler Pachacuti and his son, Topa
Inca, conquered neighboring lands to build
their empire.
It was the largest of the early American
civilizations. The empire stretched more than
3,000 miles from present-day Colombia to
northern Argentina and Chile.
(page 26)
The Inca (cont.)

The population of the Inca Empire at its height
was more than nine million people.
The Inca were very advanced.
- They built 10,000 miles of paved roads.
- Rope bridges crossed canyons and rivers.
- They developed a record-keeping system using
quipus so that runners could take messages from one
part of the empire to another.
- The language, Quechua, became the official
language of the empire.
(page 26)
The Inca (cont.)

- They developed a system of terracing the land by
building platforms so that they could plant crops on
slopes.
They were also a religious people,

worshipping the sun god.
(page 26)
The Inca (cont.)
Why is the Inca considered a great

civilization?
It was the largest of the early civilizations,
stretching for about 3,000 miles. The Inca
developed paved roads, a common language,
a record-keeping system, and terracing for
farming.
(page 26)

left.
__
C 1. an ancient form of writing
using symbols and pictures to
represent words, sounds, and
concepts
A. civilization
__
A 2. a highly developed culture,
usually with organized
religions and laws
D. terrace
__
B 3. a form of government in which
the society is ruled by religious
leaders
__
D 4. a raised piece of land with the
top leveled off to promote
farming
B. theocracy
C. hieroglyphics

Reviewing Facts Why did the Aztec choose the
location of Tenochtitln as their permanent
home?
They saw the eagle sitting on a cactus with a

snake in its beak as a sign that it was their
home.

Reviewing Themes
Culture and Traditions Why did priests hold
great power in Mayan society?
The priests were considered to know the wishes

of the gods.

Critical Thinking
Making Inferences How does trade help to
enrich a civilization? Provide examples in your
answer.
Trade fosters the exchange of goods, ideas,

technology, and culture.

Analyzing Visuals
Picturing History Study the photograph of the
pyramid on page 23 of your textbook. Why do
you think the Maya built such large pyramids?
Art Compile illustrations of some of the

accomplishments of the Maya, Aztec, and Inca
in the areas of communication, science, and
math. Use your own drawings or use
photographs from newspapers and magazines.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
Many different cultures lived in North America
before the arrival of the Europeans.
Key Terms
pueblo
drought
adobe
federation


Reading Strategy
Taking Notes As you read Section 3, re-create the
diagram shown on page 28 of your textbook and
identify locations and ways of living for each culture.
Read to Learn
what early people lived in North America.
how different Native American groups adapted to
their environments.


Section Theme
Culture and Traditions Early North Americans
developed new societies.
Ancient jar, American Southwest

Early Native Americans

Many Native American cultures existed in
North America before Europeans arrived
in the 1500s.
The Hohokam lived in the desert of
present-day Arizona.
Their civilization flourished from about
A.D. 300 to A.D. 1300.
(pages 2831)
Early Native Americans (cont.)

They built irrigation channels to bring water to
the hot, dry land from the nearby Gila and Salt
Rivers and left behind pottery, carved stone,
and shells.
The Anasazi lived in an area known as the
Four Corners (or the meeting place) of
present-day Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and
New Mexico from A.D. 200 to A.D. 1300.
(pages 2831)

The Anasazi built stone and cliff dwellings. A
pueblo or stone dwelling looked like an
apartment building.
The cliff dwellings were built into the walls of
steep cliffs. Pueblo Bonito and Mesa Verde are
examples of each.
In about 1300, the Anasazi left these dwellings
to settle in smaller communities, perhaps due
to droughts during which their crops dried up.
(pages 2831)

The Mound Builders lived in central North
America from present-day Pennsylvania to the
Mississippi River valley.
They built mounds of earth that looked like
the Aztec stone pyramids.
The Adena were hunters and gatherers and
among the earliest Mound Builders living in
the Ohio Valley around 800 B.C.
(pages 2831)

The Hopewell people were farmers and traders
who built large burial mounds shaped like
birds, bears, and snakes.
They left behind pearls, shells, cloth, and
copper in the mounds to show their variety of
trade.
The Cahokia built the largest settlement in
present-day Illinois. This city may have had
16,000 people.
The highest mound, Monks Mound, rose
nearly 100 feet and was probably the highest
(pages 2831)
structure north of Mexico.
Why do you think the dwellings of these early

Native Americans (the pueblos, mounds, and
cliff dwellings) were large and massive?
Possible answer: If they reached high in the
sky, they would be nearer to the gods. Also
they were visible from far away and could
accommodate a large group of people for
living quarters and for religious ceremonies.
(pages 2831)
Other Native North Americans

The peoples of the North were the Inuit,
settling in the cold Arctic region.
Inuits may have been the last to migrate to
North America.
They built igloos to protect themselves from
severe weather.
They wore furs and sealskins to keep them
warm and dry.
They were hunters and fishers.
(pages 3133)
Other Native North Americans (cont.)

The peoples of the West were many: Tlingit,
Haida, Chinook, Nez Perce, Yakima, Pomo,
Ute, and Shoshone.
They used the resources of the forest and sea as
they hunted and gathered.
The Ute and Shoshone created temporary
shelters as they traveled to search for food.
(pages 3133)

The peoples of the Southwest were the Hopi,
the Acoma, and the Zuni.
Their homes were made of adobe bricks, and
they raised maize, beans, and squash.
The Navajo and the Apache settled in the
region in the 1500s.
They were hunters and gatherers, unlike the
other peoples of the region, and built square
homes called hogans.
(pages 3133)

The peoples of the Plains were nomads.
They hunted and farmed and built tents called
tepees that they moved with them from place
to place.
They learned to tame wild horses and used
them to hunt and fight.
(pages 3133)

The peoples of the East, the Iroquois and the
Cherokee, formed complex political systems of
governing.
The Iroquois formed five groups: the
Onondaga, the Seneca, the Mohawk, the
Oneida, and the Cayuga.
Until the late 1500s when these groups
formed the Iroquois League, also called the
Iroquois Confederacy, they fought wars with
one another.
(pages 3133)

The peoples of the Southeast were the Creek,
Chickasaw, and Cherokee. They farmed and
adapted to the warmer woodlands climate of
the south.
(pages 3133)
Why do you think the different Native North

American groups developed a wide variety of
cultures?
Possible answer: Regional climate and
resources created the need for different
lifestyles. Climate and resources affected
whether groups farmed, fished, or hunted, were
nomadic or permanently settled, and what type
of shelters they built.
(pages 3133)

left.
__
B 1. a long period of time with little A. pueblo
rainfall
B. drought
__
D 2. a type of government that links C. adobe
different groups together
D. federation
__
C 3. a sun-dried mud brick used to
build the homes of some Native
Americans
__
A 4. home or community of homes
built by Native Americans


Reviewing Facts Identify clues that led
archaeologists to believe that the Mound Builders
were influenced by other cultures.
Some mounds had temples like Maya and

Aztec cultures; artifacts indicate widespread
trade.

Reviewing Themes
Culture and Traditions What organization did
the Iroquois form to promote peace among their
people?
The Iroquois League was an organization

formed to promote peace among their people.

Critical Thinking
Making Generalizations Why was the
environment of the West Coast favorable for
settlement by so many groups of Native
Americans?
The West Coast was favored for settlement by
many groups of Native Americans because of the
mild climate, dependable food sources, and
plentiful forest resources.

Analyzing Visuals
Geography Skills Study the map on page 30
of your textbook. What groups lived in
California? What groups lived in the
Southeast?
The Pomo and Chumash lived in California.
The Yuchi, Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek,
Seminole, Natchez, Chickasaw, and Wichita
groups lived in the Southeast.

Geography Create or sketch a model of a home that a

Native American might have built. Use natural
materials that exist in the area where you live and
label the materials on your diagram. Consider the
climate of your area in your design.

left.
__
H 1. an ancient form of writing
using symbols and pictures to
represent words, sounds, and
concepts
A. archaeology
__
B 2. an item left behind by early
people that represents their
culture
D. nomad
__
F 3. a way of life of a group of
people who share similar
beliefs and customs
__
A 4. the study of ancient peoples
B. artifact
C. Ice Age
E. carbon dating
F. culture
G. civilization
H. hieroglyphics
I.
pueblo
J. federation

left.
__
A. archaeology
G 5. a highly developed culture,
usually with organized religions B. artifact
and laws
C. Ice Age
__
D 6. people who move from place to
place, usually in search of food D. nomad
or grazing land
E. carbon dating
__
E 7. a scientific method used to
F. culture
determine the age of an artifact
G. civilization
__
I 8. home or community of homes
H. hieroglyphics
built by Native Americans
I. pueblo
J. federation

left.
__
C 9. a period of extremely cold
temperatures when part of the
planets surface was covered
with massive ice sheets
A. archaeology
B. artifact
C. Ice Age
__
J 10. a type of government that links D. nomad
different groups together
E. carbon dating
F. culture
G. civilization
H. hieroglyphics
I.
pueblo
J. federation
Reviewing Key Facts

For what reasons did Asians cross the land bridge
to the Americas?
Asians crossed the land bridge to the

Americas to follow herds of animals and to
find food.

Reviewing Key Facts

What regions did the land bridge connect?
The land bridge connected Asia and present-day

Alaska.

Reviewing Key Facts

What regions were under Inca control?
The western highlands of South America were

under Inca control.

Reviewing Key Facts

What were two advantages of living in dwellings
built into the side of cliffs?
Dwellings built into the side of cliffs were

easy to defend and offered protection from
weather.

Reviewing Key Facts

What groups formed the Iroquois League?
The Iroquois League was formed by the

Onondaga, Seneca, Mohawk, Oneida,
and Cayuga groups.

Critical Thinking
Analyzing Themes: Culture and Traditions
Religion was an important part of life in many
Native American civilizations. What role did
priests play in Mayan society?
The priests held great power and made most of
the important decisions.

Critical Thinking
Analyzing Information In what ways did the
Inca and Aztec use war to increase their power?
They conquered others to increase population

and land area.

Geography and History Activity

Study the map below and answer the questions on the following
slides.

Location Along
what two major
rivers did many
of the Mound
Builders settle?
Many of the
Mound Builders
settled along the
Mississippi and
Ohio Rivers.


Place Near
which river did
the Adena build
most of their
settlements?
The Adena built
most of their
settlements near
the Ohio River.


Movement
Of the Adena,
Hopewell, and
Mississippian
cultures, which
settled the farthest
east?
The Adena settled
further east than
the Hopewell and
Mississippian
cultures.

Standardized Test Practice

Directions: Choose the best answer to the following question.
Because the Mayan civilization was a theocracy, the most
powerful Maya were
A
warriors.
craftsmen.
priests.
enslaved people.
Test-Taking Tip This question asks you to draw an inference.

What is the meaning of the word theocracy? Understanding the
definition will help to answer the question.
How can you summarize the development of

Native American cultures in North America?
Native American cultures developed advanced

societies that adapted to their environments,
maintaining a social order, division of labor, and
government.

Explore online information about the topics introduced

in this chapter.
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browser and go to The American Republic to
1877 Web site. At this site, you will find
interactive activities, current events
information, and Web sites correlated with the
chapters and units in the textbook. When you
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http://tarvol1.glencoe.com
Art Aztec art is highly detailed and colorful. Sculptures

decorated temples and other important buildings. One
surviving sculpture, the Calendar Stone, has carefully
detailed carvings that represent the days of the month
and other religious symbols. It was used in ceremonies
honoring the sun god Tonatiuh.
Aztalan
Native American Names
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
Mound Builder settlements reached into the north.

Aztalan near Madison, Wisconsin, was a 21-acre
(9-ha) settlement surrounded by walls with towers. Inside
the settlement walls were houses, pyramids, and
cornfields. It is believed that the settlers of Aztalan
migrated from Cahokia in southern Illinois. The name
Aztalan comes from alt, a native term meaning water
and an, meaning near.
Many states have Native American names. Kentucky is

Iroquois for meadowland; Massachusetts means at the
big hill in Algonquian; Mississippi is Chippewa for big
river; and Utah means higher up in Navajo.
Potlatch The word potlatch means to give away or a

gift giving. The potlatch was an important and festive
gathering of the peoples of the northwestern coast. The
gatherings marked great events in the life of a leader, his
family, and the village. All guests at a potlatch received
gifts ranging from food, baskets, and jewelry to canoes
and copper tablets. Those who attended a potlatch were
expected to give away greater presents at their own
potlatches, ensuring the distribution of wealth among the
people.
Understanding the
Parts of a Map
Why Learn This Skill?
Maps can direct you down the street or around the world.
There are as many different kinds of maps as there are
uses for them. Being able to read a map begins with
learning about its parts.
This feature can be found on page 27 of your textbook.

Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.
Understanding the
Parts of a Map
Learning the Skill
Maps usually include a key, a compass rose, and a scale bar. The
map key explains the meaning of special colors, symbols, and lines
used on the map.
After reading the map key, look for the compass rose. It is the
direction marker that shows the cardinal directions of north, south,
east, and west.
A measuring line, often called a scale bar, helps you estimate
distance on a map. The maps scale tells you what distance on the
earth is represented by the measurement on the scale bar. For
example, 1 inch (2.54 cm) on the map may represent 100 miles
(160.9 km) on the earth.
Understanding the
Parts of a Map
Practicing the Skill
The map on the right shows where
the ancient Maya, Aztec, and Inca
built their empires in North America
and South America. Look at the
parts of this map, then answer the
questions on the following slides.
This feature can be found on page 27 of your textbook.
Understanding the
Parts of a Map
1. What information is given in the key?
The key gives the capital city, major cities, and location of
the Maya, Inca, and Aztec civilizations.
2. What color shows the Inca Empire?
Green shows the Inca Empire.
This feature can be found on page 27 of your textbook. Click the

mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Understanding the
Parts of a Map
3. What direction would you travel to go from Tenochtitln to
Chichn Itz?
You would travel east.
4. About how many miles long was the Inca Empire?
The Inca Empire was about 3,000 miles (4,827 km) long.

mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Understanding the
Parts of a Map
5. What was the capital of the Aztec Empire?
The capital of the Aztec Empire was Tenochtitln.

mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Before Columbus
Objectives
After viewing Before Columbus, you should:
Have basic information about the early inhabitants of

Americas Southwest.
See how archaeologists use
physical remnants to understand
the lives of ancient peoples.
Appreciate the spiritual qualities
of Native American culture.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click in the window
above to view a preview of The American Republic to 1877 video.
Before Columbus
Discussion Question
How did archaeologists reconstruct the life of the
Anasazi?
Archaeologists found remnants of the peoples
lives, such as arrowheads and pieces of pottery,
to reconstruct daily life.

Before Columbus
Discussion Question
What are some typical activities that took place
in an Anasazi village?
Families farmed, made tools, made pottery, and
engaged in community activities, such as an
annual rabbit hunt.

The size
increased
over time.


They are classified by geography.

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Presentation Plus!

The American Republic To 1877

Cities and Empires

North American Peoples

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The Impact Today

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Guide to Reading (cont.)

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Guide to Reading (cont.)

Arrowhead, hand-chipped stone

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The Journey From Asia

The Journey From Asia (cont.)

The Journey From Asia (cont.)

Why did these early people spread out across

Settling Down (cont.)

How did early Native Americans learn to

Checking for Understanding

Checking for Understanding

The first Americans were nomads searching for

Click the mouse button or press the

Water froze, sea levels dropped, and large areas

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Travelers migrated east and southeast across the

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Geography Create a version of the map on

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Guide to Reading (cont.)

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Guide to Reading (cont.)

Artifact c. A.D. 900

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Early American Civilizations

Early American Civilizations (cont.)

Why do you think early American civilizations

The people built large cities, each having at

The Maya (cont.)

The Maya (cont.)

The Maya (cont.)

Why do you think the Maya believed that the

The Aztec (cont.)

The Aztec (cont.)

How did the Aztec build a military empire?

The Inca (cont.)

The Inca (cont.)

They were also a religious people,

The Inca (cont.)

Why is the Inca considered a great

Checking for Understanding

Checking for Understanding

They saw the eagle sitting on a cactus with a

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The priests were considered to know the wishes

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Trade fosters the exchange of goods, ideas,

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