Abstract Descriptions of Systems Whose Requirements Are Being Analysed

Systemmodels
Abstractdescriptionsof
systemswhoserequirements
arebeinganalysed
IanSommerville2000
SoftwareEngineering,6thedition.Chapter7
Slide1
Objectives
Toexplainwhythecontextofasystemshouldbe
modelledaspartoftheREprocess
Todescribebehaviouralmodelling,data
modellingandobjectmodelling
Tointroducesomeofthenotationsusedinthe
UnifiedModelingLanguage(UML)
ToshowhowCASEworkbenchessupport
systemmodelling
IanSommerville2000
Slide2
Topicscovered
Contextmodels
Behaviouralmodels
Datamodels
Objectmodels
CASEworkbenches
IanSommerville2000
Slide3
Systemmodelling
Systemmodellinghelpstheanalysttounderstand
thefunctionalityofthesystemandmodelsare
usedtocommunicatewithcustomers
Differentmodelspresentthesystemfrom
differentperspectives
Externalperspectiveshowingthesystemscontextor
environment
Behaviouralperspectiveshowingthebehaviourofthesystem
Structuralperspectiveshowingthesystemordataarchitecture
IanSommerville2000
Slide4
Structuredmethods
Structuredmethodsincorporatesystemmodelling
asaninherentpartofthemethod
Methodsdefineasetofmodels,aprocessfor
derivingthesemodelsandrulesandguidelines
thatshouldapplytothemodels
CASEtoolssupportsystemmodellingaspartofa
structuredmethod
IanSommerville2000
Slide5
Methodweaknesses
Theydonotmodelnonfunctionalsystem
requirements
Theydonotusuallyincludeinformationabout
whetheramethodisappropriateforagiven
problem
Themayproducetoomuchdocumentation
Thesystemmodelsaresometimestoodetailed
anddifficultforuserstounderstand
IanSommerville2000
Slide6
Modeltypes
Dataprocessingmodelshowinghowthedatais
processedatdifferentstages
Compositionmodelshowinghowentitiesare
composedofotherentities
Architecturalmodelshowingprincipalsubsystems
Classificationmodelshowinghowentitieshave
commoncharacteristics
Stimulus/responsemodelshowingthesystems
reactiontoevents
IanSommerville2000
Slide7
Contextmodels
Contextmodelsareusedtoillustratethe
boundariesofasystem
Socialandorganisationalconcernsmayaffectthe
decisiononwheretopositionsystemboundaries
Architecturalmodelsshowtheasystemandits
relationshipwithothersystems
IanSommerville2000
Slide8
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IanSommerville2000
Slide9
Processmodels
Processmodelsshowtheoverallprocessandthe
processesthataresupportedbythesystem
Dataflowmodelsmaybeusedtoshowthe
processesandtheflowofinformationfromone
processtoanother
IanSommerville2000
Slide10
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IanSommerville2000
Slide11
Behaviouralmodels
Behaviouralmodelsareusedtodescribethe
overallbehaviourofasystem
Twotypesofbehaviouralmodelareshownhere
Dataprocessingmodelsthatshowhowdataisprocessedasit
movesthroughthesystem
Statemachinemodelsthatshowthesystemsresponsetoevents
Bothofthesemodelsarerequiredfora
descriptionofthesystemsbehaviour
IanSommerville2000
Slide12
Dataprocessingmodels
Dataflowdiagramsareusedtomodelthe
systemsdataprocessing
Theseshowtheprocessingstepsasdataflows
throughasystem
Intrinsicpartofmanyanalysismethods
Simpleandintuitivenotationthatcustomerscan
understand
Showendtoendprocessingofdata
IanSommerville2000
Slide13
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IanSommerville2000
Slide14
Dataflowdiagrams
DFDsmodelthesystemfromafunctional
perspective
Trackinganddocumentinghowthedata
associatedwithaprocessishelpfultodevelopan
overallunderstandingofthesystem
Dataflowdiagramsmayalsobeusedinshowing
thedataexchangebetweenasystemandother
systemsinitsenvironment
IanSommerville2000
Slide15
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IanSommerville2000
Slide16
Statemachinemodels
Thesemodelthebehaviourofthesystemin
responsetoexternalandinternalevents
Theyshowthesystemsresponsestostimulisoare
oftenusedformodellingrealtimesystems
Statemachinemodelsshowsystemstatesasnodes
andeventsasarcsbetweenthesenodes.Whenan
eventoccurs,thesystemmovesfromonestateto
another
StatechartsareanintegralpartoftheUML
IanSommerville2000
Slide17
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IanSommerville2000
Slide18
Microwaveovenstatedescription
IanSommerville2000
Slide19
Microwaveovenstimuli
IanSommerville2000
Slide20
Statecharts
Allowthedecompositionofamodelintosub
models(seefollowingslide)
Abriefdescriptionoftheactionsisincluded
followingthedoineachstate
Canbecomplementedbytablesdescribingthe
statesandthestimuli
IanSommerville2000
Slide21
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IanSommerville2000
Slide22
Semanticdatamodels
Usedtodescribethelogicalstructureofdata
processedbythesystem
Entityrelationattributemodelsetsouttheentities
inthesystem,therelationshipsbetweenthese
entitiesandtheentityattributes
Widelyusedindatabasedesign.Canreadilybe
implementedusingrelationaldatabases
NospecificnotationprovidedintheUMLbut
objectsandassociationscanbeused
IanSommerville2000
Slide23
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IanSommerville2000
Slide24
Datadictionaries
Datadictionariesarelistsofallofthenamesused
inthesystemmodels.Descriptionsoftheentities,
relationshipsandattributesarealsoincluded
Advantages
Supportnamemanagementandavoidduplication
Storeoforganisationalknowledgelinkinganalysis,designand
implementation
ManyCASEworkbenchessupportdata
dictionaries
IanSommerville2000
Slide25
Datadictionaryentries
IanSommerville2000
Slide26
Objectmodels
Objectmodelsdescribethesystemintermsof
objectclasses
Anobjectclassisanabstractionoverasetof
objectswithcommonattributesandtheservices
(operations)providedbyeachobject
Variousobjectmodelsmaybeproduced
Inheritancemodels
Aggregationmodels
Interactionmodels
IanSommerville2000
Slide27
Objectmodels
Naturalwaysofreflectingtherealworldentities
manipulatedbythesystem
Moreabstractentitiesaremoredifficulttomodel
usingthisapproach
Objectclassidentificationisrecognisedasa
difficultprocessrequiringadeepunderstandingof
theapplicationdomain
Objectclassesreflectingdomainentitiesare
reusableacrosssystems
IanSommerville2000
Slide28
Inheritancemodels
Organisethedomainobjectclassesintoahierarchy
Classesatthetopofthehierarchyreflectthe
commonfeaturesofallclasses
Objectclassesinherittheirattributesandservices
fromoneormoresuperclasses.thesemaythenbe
specialisedasnecessary
Classhierarchydesignisadifficultprocessif
duplicationindifferentbranchesistobeavoided
IanSommerville2000
Slide29
TheUnifiedModelingLanguage
Devisedbythedevelopersofwidelyusedobject
orientedanalysisanddesignmethods
Hasbecomeaneffectivestandardforobjectoriented
modelling
Notation
Objectclassesarerectangleswiththenameatthetop,attributesinthe
middlesectionandoperationsinthebottomsection
Relationshipsbetweenobjectclasses(knownasassociations)are
shownaslineslinkingobjects
Inheritanceisreferredtoasgeneralisationandisshownupwards
ratherthandownwardsinahierarchy
IanSommerville2000
Slide30
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Multipleinheritance
Ratherthaninheritingtheattributesandservices
fromasingleparentclass,asystemwhich
supportsmultipleinheritanceallowsobject
classestoinheritfromseveralsuperclasses
Canleadtosemanticconflictswhere
attributes/serviceswiththesamenamein
differentsuperclasseshavedifferentsemantics
Makesclasshierarchyreorganisationmore
complex
IanSommerville2000
Slide33
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IanSommerville2000
Slide34
Objectaggregation
Aggregationmodelshowshowclasseswhichare
collectionsarecomposedofotherclasses
Similartothepartofrelationshipinsemantic
datamodels
IanSommerville2000
Slide35
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IanSommerville2000
Slide36
Objectbehaviourmodelling
Abehaviouralmodelshowstheinteractions
betweenobjectstoproducesomeparticular
systembehaviourthatisspecifiedasausecase
Sequencediagrams(orcollaborationdiagrams)in
theUMLareusedtomodelinteractionbetween
objects
IanSommerville2000
Slide37
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IanSommerville2000
Slide38
CASEworkbenches
Acoherentsetoftoolsthatisdesignedtosupport
relatedsoftwareprocessactivitiessuchas
analysis,designortesting
Analysisanddesignworkbenchessupportsystem
modellingduringbothrequirementsengineering
andsystemdesign
Theseworkbenchesmaysupportaspecificdesign
methodormayprovidesupportforacreating
severaldifferenttypesofsystemmodel
IanSommerville2000
Slide39
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IanSommerville2000
Slide40
Analysisworkbenchcomponents
Diagrameditors
Modelanalysisandcheckingtools
Repositoryandassociatedquerylanguage
Datadictionary
Reportdefinitionandgenerationtools
Formsdefinitiontools
Import/exporttranslators
Codegenerationtools
IanSommerville2000
Slide41
Keypoints
Amodelisanabstractsystemview.Complementary
typesofmodelprovidedifferentsysteminformation
Contextmodelsshowthepositionofasysteminits
environmentwithothersystemsandprocesses
Dataflowmodelsmaybeusedtomodelthedata
processinginasystem
Statemachinemodelsmodelthesystemsbehaviour
inresponsetointernalorexternalevents
IanSommerville2000
Slide42
Keypoints
Semanticdatamodelsdescribethelogicalstructure
ofdatawhichisimportedtoorexportedbythe
systems
Objectmodelsdescribelogicalsystementities,
theirclassificationandaggregation
Objectmodelsdescribethelogicalsystementities
andtheirclassificationandaggregation
CASEworkbenchessupportthedevelopmentof
systemmodels
IanSommerville2000
Slide43

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