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Chapter 01

Lecture Outline

Chapter 1 Outline

History of Human Anatomy


Definition of Anatomy
Structural Organization of the Body
Precise Language of Anatomy

Definition of Anatomy
Anatomy is the study of structure
Greek for to cut up or cut open
Physiology is the study of function
Therefore, anatomy and physiology are
interrelated
See Table 1.1 to compare anatomy and
physiology of select examples

Two Categories of Anatomy


1. Microscopic anatomy
Structures too small to be seen with the
unaided eye
2. Gross anatomy
Structures that can be seen with the
unaided eye

Gross Subdisciplines
3. Embryology

Study of developmental changes occurring


prior to birth

4. Developmental anatomy

Study of structure changes within an


individual from conception through maturity

Structural Organization
of the Body

Atoms
Molecules
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems
Organism
Figure 1.3

Characteristics of
Living Organisms: Overview
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Organization
Metabolism
Growth and development
Responsiveness
Adaptation
Regulation
Reproduction

Introduction to Organ Systems


There are 11 organ systems in the human
body

Figure 1.4

Figure 1.4
continued

Figure 1.4
continued

Figure 1.4
continued

The Anatomic Position


Characteristics:
Standing upright
Feet parallel and on the floor
Head level and looking
forward
Arms at side of body
Palms facing forward and
thumbs pointing away from
body

Anatomic Planes

Coronal (frontal) plane

Transverse (horizontal) plane

Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior


(lower) parts

Midsagittal (median) plane

Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior


(back) parts

Divides the body into equal left and right halves


Other sagittal planes divide the body into
unequal left and right parts

Oblique plane

Passes through specimen at an angle

Body Planes

Figure 1.5

Example: Small Intestine


A single section
may misrepresent
the complete
structure of the
object
2D images need to
be mentally
reconstructed into
3D images

Anatomic Directions
Terms that describe the relative position of
one body structure to another
Anterior vs. posterior
Superior vs. inferior
Medial vs. lateral
Proximal vs. Distal
Check table 1.2

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Anatomic Directions

Figure 1.7

Regional Anatomy
The body can be divided into two major regions:
1. Axial

2.

Head, neck, and trunk (the vertical axis of the body)

Appendicular

Upper and lower limbs

Body Cavities

Figure 1.9

Thoracic Cavity
The heart is located in a middle compartment
called the mediastinum

Figure 1.10

Cavity Membranes

Ventral cavities are lined by a thin


serous membrane

Divided into two continuous parts (layers):


1. Parietal layer: lines the internal surface
of the body wall
2. Visceral layer: covers the external
surface of specific organs
Both layers produce a small amount of
serous fluid to protect against friction
between moving organs

Thoracic Cavity

Figure 1.10

Cavity Membranes

Figure 1.10

Thoracic Cavity
The lungs are lined by a two-layered serous
membrane called the pleura

Figure 1.10

Membranes of the
Abdominopelvic Cavities

The serous membrane = peritoneum

Two continuous layers:


1. Parietal peritoneum: lines internal walls
of abdominopelvic cavity; not directly in
contact with the organs
2. Visceral peritoneum: covers surface of
most digestive organs

Between the layers is a space called


the peritoneal cavity

Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

The abdominopelvic cavity


can also be
divided into four
quadrants

Right upper
Left upper
quadrant (RUQ) quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower
Left lower
quadrant (RLQ) quadrant (LLQ)

(b) Abdominopelvic quadrants

Figure 1.11

Nine Region Division


Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Right
hypochondriac
region

Epigastric
region

Left
hypochondriac
region

Right
lumbar
region

Umbilical
region

Left
lumbar
region

Hypogastric
region

Left
iliac
region

Right
iliac
region

Figure 1.11
(a) Abdominopelvic regions

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