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Compaction
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What is Compaction?
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What is Compaction
What do you think
about this live
compaction
machine
Heavy Weight
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What is Consolidation
When a Static loads are applied to saturated
soils, and over a period of time the increased
stresses are transferred to the soil skeleton,
leading to a reduction in void ratio.
Depending on the permeability of the soil and
the magnitude of the drainage distance, this
can be a very time-consuming process.
Typically applies to existing, undisturbed soil
deposits that has appreciable amount of clay.
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Compaction - Consolidation
Compaction means
the removal of
air-filled porosity.
Consolidation
means the removal
of water-filled
porosity.
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Principles of Compaction
Compaction of soils is achieved by reducing
the volume of voids. It is assumed that the
compaction process does not decrease the
volume of the solids or soil grains
uncompacted
compacted
uncompacted
compacted
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wA
vT vW
Water
wW
vS
Solids
wS
vA
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Principles of Compaction
The degree of compaction of a soil is
Recall
Recall that
that dd== GGssww/(1+e)
/(1+e)
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Typical Calculation ( d)
block diagram shown
Phase Diagram
Total Mass M = Mw + Ms
Total Volume V = Vw + Vs
Air
wA
vT vW
Water
wW
Void ratio e = Vv / Vs
Water content w = Mw / Ms
vS
Solids
wS
vA
Saturation S = Vw / Vv
Moist unit weight
= (M w + Ms) / V
Back
= (w + 1) Ms / V = (1+w) d
d = / (1+w) =
d = Gsgw/(1+e)
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2) Reduced Permeability
3) Reduced Compressibility
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Mould
Hammer
Drop (mm)
mass (kg)
No of
layers
Blows per
layer
One Liter
2.5
300
27
CBR
2.5
300
62
4 in
2.49
305
25
6 in
2.49
305
56
One Liter
4.5
450
27
CBR
4.5
450
62
4 in
4.54
457
25
6 in
4.54
457
56
CBR
32 to 41
Vibration
1 minute
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Coarse-grained soils
Fine-grained soils
Falling weight and hammers
Kneading compactors
Static loading and press
Field
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Rubber-tired equipment
Free-falling
weight;
dynamic
compaction
(low
frequency
vibration, 4~10 Hz)
Vibration
Hand-operated
tampers
Sheepsfoot rollers
Rubber-tired rollers
Kneading
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Variables of Compaction
Proctor established that compaction is a
function of four variables:
Dry density (d) or dry unit weight d.
Water content w
Compactive effort (energy E)
Soil type (gradation, presence of clay
minerals, etc.)
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Hammer
Weight
5.5 lb
Drop Height
h=12
soil
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Equipments Needed
For Compaction
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Layer or lift # 3
soil
Layer or lift # 2
25 Blows/Layer
Layer or lift # 1
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Standard Energy
Compactive (E) applied to soil per unit
volume:
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12,375 ft lb / ft 3
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Dry Density ( d)
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m
1
Where
Mg
V
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Water Role in
Compaction Process
Water lubricates the soil grains so that
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Density
sit
y
1.9
De
n
(Mg/m3)
2.0
1.8
Co
mp
ac
te
d
Increase of
Density due
to compaction
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
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1.3
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15
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25
30
35
B
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Engineering
For a better representation of the
compaction required for airfield to
support heavy aircraft.
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soil
# 4
# 3
# 2
# 1
E MP
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ESP 12,375 ft lb / ft 3
E MP 56,250 ft lb / ft 3
E MP
56,250 ft lb / ft 3
4.55
E SP
12,375 ft lb / ft 3
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Dry Density ( d)
Modified E=E2
Standard E=E1
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Comparison-Summary
Standard Proctor Test
Mold size: 1/30 ft3
12 in height of drop
5.5 lb hammer
3 layers
25 blows/layer
Energy 12,375 ftlb/ft3
Dry Density ( d)
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Modified E=E2
Standard E=E1
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Double-peaked
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Odd-shaped
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Zero-Air-Void
Degree of Saturation
Dry density
( Mg 3/ m )
2.0
60%
80%
"Zero
Air
Voids"
1.9
Line of
optimums
1.8
Modified
Proctor
1.7
1.6
100%
Standard
Proctor
0
10
15
20
dry = Gs e
25
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Results-Explanation
Below wwomc
Below
omc
the water
water content
content
As the
As
increases,the
theparticles
particles
increases,
develop larger
larger and
and
develop
larger water
water films
films
larger
around them,
them, which
which
around
tend to
to lubricate
lubricate the
the
tend
particles and
and make
make
particles
them easier
easier to
to be
be
them
moved
about
and
moved
about
and
reoriented
into
reoriented
into
aa
denserconfiguration.
configuration.
denser
Hammer Impact
Impact
Hammer
expelled from
from the
the
Air expelled
Air
soil upon
upon impact
impact inin
soil
quantities larger
larger than
than
quantities
the volume
volume of
of water
water
the
added.
added.
Dry Density ( d)
Dry of
of Optimum
Optimum
Dry
At womc
Above womc
Wet
Wet of
of Optimum
Optimum
OMC
Dry
Side
Wet
Side
Entrapped
air
Dry side
Wet side
Water starts to
replace
soil
particles in the
mold, and since
w<< s
the
dry
density starts to
decrease.
Hammer
Hammer Impact
Impact
Moisture
cannot
escape
under
impact
of
the
hammer. Instead,
the entrapped air is
energized and lifts
the soil in the
region around the
hammer.
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(Mg / m3)
2.2
2.1
2.0
Dry density
1.9
1.8
4
5
1.7
1.6
8
10
15
20
25
NO
Description
Sand
Silt
Clay
LL
PI
Well graded
loamy sand
88
10
16
NP
Well graded
sandy loam
72
15
13
16
NP
Med graded
sandy loam
73
18
22
Lean sandy
silty clay
32
33
35
28
Lean silty
clay
64
31
36
15
Loessial silt
85
10
26
Heavy clay
22
72
67
40
Poorly graded
sand
94
NP
NP
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Compaction Characteristics
Unified Soil Classification
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Embankment Materials
Unified Soil Classification
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Subgrade Materials
Unified Soil Classification
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(increasing) Density
bulking
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Dry Density
High Compactive
Effort
Low
Compactive
Effort
Flocculated Structure
or
Honeycomb Structure
or
Random
Water Content
Dispersed Structure
or
parallel
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Permeability
Effect of Compaction on
permeability
Permeability at constant
compactive effort decreases
with increasing water content
and reaches a minimum at about
the optimum.
Density
If compactive effort is
increased, the permeability
decreases because the void
ratio decreases.
Water content
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Dry compacted or
undisturbed sample
Wet compacted or
Remolded sample
Dry compacted or
undisturbed sample
Void ratio , e
Void ratio , e
Effect of Compressibility
Wet compacted or
Remolded sample
Rebound for both samples
0
High-pressure consolidation
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Effect of Strength
r
tu
sa
of
%
00
=1
ion
at
140
135
130
20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
145
ee
100
80
Parral
60
40
20
Random
0
22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
600
Deviation stress (kN/m2)
gr
De
Samples
(Kaolinite)
compacted
dry of
optimum
tend to be
more rigid
and
stronger
than
samples
compacted
wet of
optimum
150
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500
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400
300
200
100
0
10 12 14 16 18 20
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100
55 blows / layer
75
26 blows / layer
12 blows / layer
50
06 blows / layer
25
0
120
115
110
105
100
95
90
10
15
20
25
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Effect of Swelling
Higher
Higher
Swelling
Swelling
Potential
Potential
Dry Density ( d)
OMC
Dry
Side
Wet
Side
Higher
Higher
Shrinkage
Shrinkage
Potential
Potential
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Kneading
Vibratory
Static
Dry density ( Mg / m3 )
1.80
S = 100%
1.75
1.70
Legend
Kneading compaction
1.65
12
14
16
18
20
22
Vibratory compaction
Static compaction
24
1.60
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Engineering Properties
Summary
Properties
Structure
Dry side
More random
Wet side
More oriented
(parallel)
Permeability
More
permeable
Compressibility
More compressible
in high pressure
range
More compressible
in low pressure
range
Swelling
*Shrinkage
more
Strength
Higher
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Summary
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Question Time
Thank you
Dr. Talat Bader
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Appendix
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