Chem 11 2 Post Lab

Experiment 6-11
nd

07 April 2015

Experiment 6
OXYGEN

Oxygen
Important for all aerobic organisms. Product
of photosynthesis.

Properties at STP: diatomic in nature (O2),

colorless, tasteless, highly reactive, soluble
in water (DO)

Preparation of Oxygen
1. Decomposition of potassium chlorate
2. Using hydrogen peroxide
3. Electrolysis of water
4. Chemical decomposition of water

Combustion of Sulfur with Oxygen

Sulfur burns a bright blue flame when exposed to oxygen.

When the products are exposed to water:

Combustion of Phosphorus with Oxygen

When burned in insufficient oxygen, P4O6 is formed:
When burned in sufficient oxygen, P4O10 is formed:
On both cases, a bright
yellow orange flame is
produced

Red
phosphorus

White
phosphorus

When exposed to
water

Oxidation of Metals
Corrosion is the loss of metallic properties of a
metal due to oxidation and is accompanied by the
formation of unwanted products.

Experiment 8
WATER

Water
Most abundant compound on the Earths
surface, covering 70% of the planet. At room
T, it is tasteless, odorless, nearly colorless
with a hint of blue. Referred to as the
universal solvent.

Purification of Water
1. Sedimentation and Filtration removes
insoluble solid impurities (CaCO3)
2. Adsorption def: adhesion of atoms from a gas,
liquid, or dissolved solid to a surface
as a purification technique: it removes
disagreeable tastes and odors; specifically,
inorganic impurities (NH3)

Purification of Water
3. Coagulation and Precipitation (flocculation)
Primary purpose is to remove turbidity from the water
caused by suspended particles.

Al2(SO4)3 + 6H2O 2Al(OH)3(s) +

Purification of Water
4. Distillation def: process of
separating the component substances
from a liquid mixture by selective
evaporation and condensation, frees
water from salt (NaCl) and other
soluble, non- volatile, organic
substances

Hard Water vs Soft Water

Hard water contains a significant quantity of
dissolved minerals such as calcium and
magnesium while soft water only has sodium ions.

Temporary Hard Water

Temporary hardness of water is caused by the
presence of dissolved bicarbonate minerals
(CaCO3). It can be reduced by boiling or through
lime softening. Boiling promotes the formation of
carbonate from bicarbonate and precipitates
calcium carbonate out of the solution.

Permanent Hard Water

It cannot be removed by boiling; rather, water
softeners are used which are ion exchangers.
Permanent hardness is caused by the presence of
calcium sulfate and/or magnesium sulfate which
dont precipitate out as the T increases.

Reaction with Soap Solution

Temporary Hard Water
2StNa+ + Ca(HCO3)2 CaSt2 + 2NaHCO3
Permanent Hard Water
2NaSt + MgSO4 MgSt2 + Na2SO4
Stearate, St C17H35COO(main and active component of soap)

Softening of Water
How does it work?
Principle: ion exchange
Water softeners trade the
minerals for something else,
in most cases, sodium.

Experiment 9
ACIDS, BASES and SALTS

Theory of Acids and Bases

Arrhenius
o Acid-hydrogen donor
o Base-Hydroxide ion donor

Bronsted-Lowry
o Acid- proton donor
o Base- proton acceptor

Lewis
o Acid-electron pair acceptor
o Base-electron pair donor

Properties of Acids and Bases

Acid and Base Strength

Terms to Remember
Salt neutralization product of an acid- base reaction
Strong acid HNO3, H2SO4, HCl, HBr, HI, HClO4
Concentrated acid an acid solution with high molar
concentration of H ions
Dibasic or diprotic acid an acid that has 2 H ions to
donate to a base in an acid base reaction (H2SO4)
Strong base hydroxides of Group 1 and 2 metals
Weak base doesnt fully ionize in an aqueous solution
Triacidic base base with 3 OH per unit (Al(OH)3)

Properties of Acid
Action on metals:
Mg(s) + H2SO4 H2(g) + MgSO4
Action on carbonates:
Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2CO3 (test tube)
H2CO3 H2O + CO2
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O (watch glass)
For carbonates + H2SO4
CaCO3 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + H2CO3 (test tube)
H2CO3 H2O + CO2
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O (watch glass)

Properties of Acid
Reactions with carbonates:
(a) Na2CO3 + 2HNO3 2NaNO3 + CO2 + H2O
(b) 2HNO3 + CaCO3 Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2
(c) H2SO4 + Na2CO3 Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2

Conjugate Acid- Base Pairs

In order for an acid- base reaction
to occur, there must be a transfer
of protons between acids and bases.
Proton acceptors and proton donors
(Bronsted- Lowry) are the basis for
these reactions, also referred to as
conj. acids and bases.

Sample Problems

Experiment 10
PREPARATION OF SALTS

Salts
Any ionic compound whose anion comes from an acid
and whose cation comes from a base.

Salts Soluble in Water

Why does water dissolve salt?
The polarity of water molecules enables water to
dissolve many ionically bonded substances.
Water can dissolve salt because
the positive part of water
molecules attracts the negative
chloride ions and the negative
part of water molecules attracts
the positive sodium ions.

Solubility Table
solvent: water

Reaction of Aluminum with bases

Aluminum dissolves in sodium hydroxide with the
evolution of hydrogen gas, H2, and the formation of
aluminates of the type [Al(OH)4]- which is also salt.

Salts Insoluble in Water

Reaction of Pb(NO3)2 with H2SO4: an acid + salt

Reaction of Pb(NO3)2 with K2CrO4: salt + salt

Pb(NO3)2 + K2CrO4 PbCrO4(s) + 2KNO3

Other methods for salt preparation

2Ca + O2 2CaO
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O (breath + lime water)
Sulfur dioxide + limewater chemical rxn:
SO2 + 2NaOH H2O + Na2SO3
salt: sodium sulfite
Metals are generally reactive, they rarely appear in nature alone; rather, they are
typically found with other elements in compound form, often as carbonates and
sulfates because they are less soluble in these form than in chlorides, flourides or
bromides forms.

Copper Ammonia Complex

Cu(NO3)2 + 2NH4OH 2NH4NO3 + Cu(OH)2(s)
continued addition of NH4OH results to the formation of a
deep blue copper- ammonia complex
Complex: a transition metal bonded to ligands (anions
with free e- pairs)
with excess NH4OH: (precipitate dissolves)
Cu(NO3)2 + 4NH4OH(excess) 2NO3 + [Cu(NH3)4]2+

Reaction of Sulfuric Acid with

Sodium Hydroxide
2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O
salt formed: sodium sulfate
With excess H2SO4 :
NaOH + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + H2O
salt formed: sodium bisulfate

Experiment 11
HYDROLYSIS, AMPHOTERISM &
COMPLEX ION FORMATION

Hydrolysis
Defined as a reaction involving the
breaking of a bond in a molecule using
water.
Acid Hydrolysis: increases [H+]
Basic Hydrolysis: increases [OH-]

Rules for Hydrolysis

4 possible ways of forming a salt:

Hydrolysis
Compoun
d

Formed
from

Acid, Basic Hydrolysis Reaction

or Neutral

NaCl

SA + SB

Neutral

NaCl + H2O HCl + NaOH

Na2CO3

SB + WA

Basic

Na2CO3 + 2H2O H2CO3 + 2NaOH

NH4Cl

WB + SA

Acidic

NH4Cl + H2O HCl + NH4OH

Na2SO4

derived
from SA

Neutral

Na2SO4 + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2SO4

(NH4)2SO4

WB + SA

Acidic

(NH4)2SO4 + 2H2O 2NH4OH + H2SO4

Fe(NO3)3

WB + SA

Acidic

Fe(NO3)3 + 3H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3HNO3

NaCH3COO

SB + WA

Basic

NaCH3COO + H2O NaOH + CH3COOH

*bold compounds will dictate the pH of the

resulting solution

Amphoterism
In chemistry, an amphoteric
species is a molecule or ion
that can react as an acid as
well as a base.
Example:

Amphoterism
ferric nitrate + sodium hydroxide
Fe(NO3)3 + 3NaOH 3NaNO3 + Fe(OH)3

zinc nitrate + sodium hydroxide

Zn(NO3)2 + 2NaOH 2NaNO3 + Zn(OH)2
-Zn(OH)2 dissolves in excess NaOH

Amphoterism
cupric sulfate + sodium hydroxide
CuSO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + Cu(OH)2

magnesium nitrate + sodium hydroxide

Mg(NO3)2 + 2NaOH 2NaNO3 + Mg(OH)2

Amphoterism
aluminum nitrate + sodium hydroxide
Al(NO3)3 + 3NaOH 3NaNO3 + Al(OH)3
-Al(OH)3 is soluble in excess NaOH forming
a colorless solution

Complex- Ion Formation

Complex- ion is a product of a Lewis acid- base reaction.
Here is an example of a complex- ion formation between
copper and ammonia.

Complex- Ion Formation

excess NH4OH
solution

Ammoni
a
complex
?

(1) Cu(NO3)2 + 3NH4OH Cu(OH)3 + 3NH4NO3

blue ppt (+)

YES

(2) Fe(NO3)3 + 3NH4OH Fe(OH)3 + 3NH4NO3

red brown ppt (-)

NO

(3) Co(NO3)2 + 2NH4OH Co(OH)2 + 2NH4NO3

blue ppt (+)

YES

(4) Cd(NO3)2 + 2NH4OH Cd(OH)2 + 2NH4NO3

white ppt (-)

NO

dirty white ppt (+)

YES

(6) Zn(NO
+ 2NH NO3
3)2 + 2NHdissolves
4OH Zn(OH)
*(+):precipitate
in excess 2NH OH 4

white ppt (-)

NO

*(-):precipitate
doesnt dissolves in excess NH 4OH
(7) Mg(NO
3)2 + 2NH4OH Mg(OH)2 + 2NH4NO3

white ppt (-)

NO

Chemical Reaction

(5) AgNO3 + NH4OH AgOH + NH4NO3

4

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

Complex- Ion Formation

The dissolution of the precipitate upon the addition of
excess NH4OH would mean a complex formation. Only
copper, cobalt and silver formed a complex with
ammonia. The chemical reactions are as follow:
(1) Cu(OH)2 + 4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4]2+
(2) Co(OH)2 + 6NH3 [Co(NH3)6]2+
(3) AgOH + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+

(1)

(2)

(3)

2nd

END OF POST LAB 2

Long EXAM: 10 APRIL 2015