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When the digging is realized, the precinct that appears can have vertical or
inclined walls (borders).
Up to
tan =
Bigger than
h
b
tan =
Sand,
gravel
1
1.25
1
0.50
Clayey
sand
1
0.67
1
1
Clay
Loess
1
0.50
1
0.50
h
b
1
0.67
1
0.75
h0
Drifting Sand
0.25 m
Soft Soil
0.25 0.75 m
Hard Soil
0.75 1.25 m
1.25 2.50 m
The bracing systems for narrow or wide spaces are presented bellow:
Soil compacting
Soil compaction is made in order to consolidate the terrain and to increase
its stability.
By compacting the spaces that exist between solid particles are decreased.
Usually is used the term layer by layer compaction because this procedure
is applied for fillings in layers up to one meter.
The compacted fillings for civil engineering are those made for building
foundations, for spaces between foundations or for spaces bellow floors.
The fillings are usually made using the soils resulted from excavation.
Slag and mineral residues can also be used for fillings but only after a
technological sheet is made in order to provide the performing conditions
and to check the quality of these materials.
Before filling is made, the removing of vegetal soil is obligatory and the
resulted surface is arranged with 1 1.5% slopes for water eviction.
There are a number of mathematical formulas in order to establish the
compaction.
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These are:
a. The compacting degree:
max
Where:
k The compacting coefficient;
The density of the compacted soil sample;
max The density of the soil sample obtained in standardized conditions.
The compaction has to be made with a force that will not overtake the
braking limit of the soil.
b. The compacting forces that appear can be:
1.
2.
3.
All
The number of passing represents the fact that each horizontal elementary
layer is individually compacted, and only after its compaction is completed
the soil is spread to the following layer.
The numbers of passing depend upon the compacting device, the soil nature
and its humidity degree.
Water evacuation
The waters that result from rains and snow (the so called superficial waters)
usually flood the buildings precinct.
This water that can affect the embankments of the precinct is collected in an
open guarding trench placed outside the digging territory.
This trench is prolonged outside the area where the waters can infiltrate in
the precinct.
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If the infiltration flow is big, because the excavations placement is bellow the
phreatic layer, the water evacuation by pumping is very difficult.
So, another method is used, the so called phreatic layer descending
procedure.
It consists in introducing a number of cleaning strainers (filtre aciculare)
into the soil and pumping the water through a pump that is linked to the
filters by two pipes .
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