Course RF100

Wireless
Wireless CDMA
CDMA RF
RF
Engineering:
Engineering: Week
Week 11

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RF100 (c) 1998 Scott

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Integrated RF/CDMA/Performance Training

Course RF100: RF Introduction, CDMA Principles, Understanding System Design & Performance Issues
Monday
Wireless Industry Intro.
Modulation Techniques
Mult. Access Methods
Wireless system
Architectures
RF Propagation
Physics
Mechanisms
Models
Link Budgets
Margins
Pred. Tools
Meas. Tools

Tuesday
Wireless Antennas
Intro: Principles
Families/Types
Choosing the right
antenna
Selecting ants.
Other devices
Tests/Problems
Traffic Engineering
Units, principles
Traffic tables
Wireless appls.

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Introduction to CDMA
Spread Sp. Principles
CDMAs Codes
Fwd & Rev Channels
System Architecture
Power Control
Phone Architecture
Handoff Process
Ec/Io, Eb/No
phones limitations
Call Processing
CDMA Messages

CDMA Flow Examples

Critical CDMA Issues
Interference control
Managing Soft HO%
Capacity constraints
Forward big picture
Reverse big picture
Sys Architecture details
Lucent
Nortel
Motorola

System Growth Mgt.

Stopgap measures
Longterm strategies
Multiple carriers
Intercarrier Handoff
Intro to Optimization
Perspectives
Bottom-up: mobile
Top-down: OMs
Survey of Tools
Performance Goals
Design Implications

Course RF200: Optimization Principles, Tools, Techniques, and Real-Life Examples/Exercises

Day 1
Optimization Overview
RF100 Fast Review
General Q&A
Meet the CDMA
performance indicators
Signatures of CDMA
transmission problems
The classic CDMA
death scenario
Introduction to
Performance Data
System-side tools and
their implications

Day 2

Day 3

Day 4

Intro to Mobile Tools

Collection Tools
Grayson, LCC, HP
PN Scanners
HP, Grayson,
Berkeley
Post-processing
Analyzer, DeskCat
Drive-test Demo files
Grayson
LCC
Intro to Post-Processing
Analyzer, DeskCat

Handsets as test tools

Drive-Test Demo Lab
RSAT/Collect 2000!
Grayson Inspector
Data Analysis and PostProcessing
Analyzer, DeskCat
what events did you
see?
Identifying root causes
Parameter &
configuration changes

Operators Corporate
RF Benchmarking
Overview
PN Scanner Lab
HP, Grayson, Berkeley
Gathering data,
interpreting problems
Applied Optimization
common scenarios

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RF100 Chapter 1

Wireless
Wireless Systems:
Systems:

How
How did
did we
we get
get here?
here? Whats
Whats itit all
all about?
about?

MTS,
IMTS

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Radio Hasnt Been Around Long!

Days before radio.....
1680 Newton first suggested
concept of spectrum, but for
visible light only
N

LF HF VHF UHF MW IR

UV XRAY

1831 Faraday demonstrated that

light, electricity, and magnetism
are related
1864 Maxwells Equations:
spectrum includes more than light
1890s First successful demos of
radio transmission

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First Wired Communication: Telegraphy

Samuel F.B. Morse had the idea of the telegraph on a sea
cruise in the 1833. He studied physics for two years, and
In 1835 demonstrated a working prototype, which he
patented in 1837.
Derivatives of Morse binary code are still in use today
The US Congress funded a demonstration line from
Washington to Baltimore, completed in 1844.
1844: the first commercial telegraph circuits were coming
into use. The railroads soon were using them for train
dispatching, and the Western Union company resold idle
Samuel F. B. Morse
time on railroad circuits for public telegrams, nationwide
at the peak of his career
1857: first trans-Atlantic submarine cable was installed

Submarine Cable Installation

news sketch from the 1850s

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Field Telegraphy
during the US Civil War, 1860s

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Wired Communication for Everyone:

Telephony
By the 1870s, the telegraph was in use all over the world and largely taken for
granted by the public, government, and business.
In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell patented his telephone, a device for carrying
actual voices over wires.
Initial telephone demonstrations sparked intense public interest and by the late
1890s, telephone service was available in most towns and cities across the USA

Alexander Graham Bell and his phone

from 1876 demonstration

December, 19

Telephone Line Installation Crew

1880s

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Radio Milestones
1888: Heinrich Hertz, German physicist, gives lab demo of
existance of electromagnetic waves at radio frequencies
1895: Guglielmo Marconi demonstrates a wireless radio
telegraph over a 3-km path near his home it Italy
1897: the British fund Marconis development of reliable radio
telegraphy over ranges of 100 kM
1902: Marconis successful trans-Atlantic demonstration
1902: Nathan Stubblefield demonstrates voice over radio
Guglielmo Marconi
1906: Lee De Forest invents audion, triode vacuum tube
feasible now to make steady carriers, and to amplify signals

MTS,
IMTS

radio pioneer, 1895

1914: Radio became valuable military tool in World War I

1920s: Radio used for commercial broadcasting
1940s: first application of RADAR - English detection of
incoming German planes during WW II
1950s: first public marriage of radio and telephony - MTS,
Mobile Telephone System
1961: transistor developed: portable radio now practical
1961: IMTS - Improved Mobile Telephone Service
Lee De Forest
1970s: Integrated circuit progress: MSI, LSI, VLSI, ASICs
vacuum tube inventor
1979, 1983: AMPS cellular demo, commercial systems

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Overview of the Radio Spectrum

Frequencies Used by Wireless Systems
AM

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

LORAN

0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

1.2

Marine

1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

2.4

Short Wave -- International Broadcast -- Amateur

VHF LOW Band

30

40

VHF TV 2-6

50

60

70

10

12

FM

80 90 100

CB

14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 MHz
7

30,000,000 i.e., 3x10 Hz

VHF VHF TV 7-13

120 140 160 180 200

240

300 MHz

2.4

3.0 GHz

300,000,000 i.e., 3x108 Hz

DCS, PCS

Cellular
UHF

3.0 MHz

3,000,000 i.e., 3x106 Hz

UHF TV 14-69

GPS

0.3

0.4

0.5

0/6

0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

1.2

1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

12

14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 GHz
10

Broadcasting

December, 19

10

3,000,000,000 i.e., 3x109 Hz

30,000,000,000 i.e., 3x10 Hz

Land-Mobile
Aeronautical Mobile Telephony
Terrestrial Microwave Satellite

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Development of North American Cellular

In the late 1970s, the FCC (USA Federal Communications Commission)
allocated 40 MHz. of spectrum in the 800 MHz. range for public mobile
telephony.
FCC adopted Bell Labs AMPS (Advanced
Mobile Phone System)
standard, creating
cellular as we know it today
The USA was divided into 333 MSAs
(Metropolitan Service
Areas) and over
300 RSAs (Rural Service Areas)
In 1987, FCC allocated an additional 10 MHz. of expanded spectrum
By 1990, all MSAs and RSAs had competing licenses granted and at least
one system operating.
In the 1990s, additional technologies were developed for cellular
TDMA (IS-54,55,56, IS-136) (also, GSM in Europe/worldwide)
CDMA (IS-95)
US Operators did not pay for their spectrum, although processing fees
(typically $10,000s) were charged to cover license administrative cost

333 MSAs
300+ RSAs

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North American Cellular Spectrum

Uplink Frequencies
(Reverse Path)
824

835

Downlink Frequencies
(Forward Path)
845

849

825

Frequency, MHz

870

Paging, ESMR, etc.

846.5

Ownership and
Licensing

89
0

880

869

891.5

Frequencies used by A Cellular Operator

Initial ownership by Non-Wireline companies
Frequencies used by B Cellular Operator
Initial ownership by Wireline companies

In each MSA and RSA, eligibility for ownership was restricted

A licenses awarded to non-telephone-company applicants only
B licenses awareded to existing telephone companies only
subsequent sales are unrestricted after system in actual operation

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Development of North America PCS

By 1994, US cellular systems were seriously overloaded and looking
for capacity relief
The FCC allocated 120 MHz. of spectrum around 1900 MHz. for
new wireless telephony known as PCS (Personal
Communications Systems), and 20 MHz. for unlicensed
services
allocation was divided into 6 blocks; 10-year licenses were
auctioned to highest bidders

51 MTAs
493 BTAs

PCS Licensing and Auction Details

A & B spectrum blocks licensed in 51 MTAs (Major Trading Areas )
Revenue from auction: $7.2 billion (1995)
C, D, E, F blocks were licensed in 493 BTAs (Basic Trading Areas)
C-block auction revenue: $10.2 B, D-E-F block auction: $2+ B (1996)
Auction winners are free to choose any desired technology
About half the C-block winners were unable to pay for their licenses. These
openings will be reauctioned in early 1999

PCS SPECTRUM ALLOCATIONS IN NORTH AMERICA

1850
MHz.

E F

15

15

15

December, 19

unlic. unlic.
data voice

1910
MHz.

1930
MHz.

E F

15

15

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1990
MHz.

Major PCS Auction Winners

Sprint PCS
CDMA

AT&T Wireless
IS-136

Primeco
CDMA
Western
Wireless
Pacific
Bell

Aerial
OmniPoint

GSM

BellSouth
Powertel

December, 19

The Largest Players, Areas, and Technologies

Sprint PCS
Began as partnership of Sprint, TCI, Cox Cable
Bid & won in 2/3 of US markets A or B blocks
Sprint won D and/or E blocks in remaining markets
CDMA: Mix of Nortel, Lucent, Motorola
AT&T Wireless Systems
Bid & won a majority of markets in A&B Blocks
will combine and integrate service between its new
PCS 1900 systems and its former McCaw cellular
800 MHz. properties
IS-136: mix of Lucent and Ericsson equipment
Other CDMA Operators
Primeco: partnership of various operators
GTE, others
GSM Operators
Western Wireless, OmniPoint, BellSouth, GTE,
Powertel, Pacific Bell
Mix of Ericsson, Nokia, and Nortel networks
For auction details, check www.fcc.gov

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Progress in Radio Technology Development

Systems, Signals, & Devices
Radio Communication Systems
HFAmateur

VHFLand Mobile

Marine
Military

AM Bcst1MHz

Mobile Telephony30-50MHz

Microwave
Microwave
Satellite
RADAR Point-to-Point
FM Bcst100MHz
VHF-TV Bcst
UHF-TV Bcst

150MHz
450MHz
800MHz
1900MHz

Modulation CW AM FSK FM PM PSK QAM DQPSK GMSK

Devices
Spark Vacuum
Discrete MSI
VLSI,
Tubes
Transistors
LSI ASICS
1910

1920

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1930

1940

1950 1960
Time

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1970

1980

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1990 2000

Evolution of Wireless Telephony

Standards, Technologies, & Capacity
Standards Evolution
MTS150MHz

IMTS150MHz

AMPS800MHz
N_AMPS
D-AMPS
CDMA

450MHz

Technology Evolution
Analog AM, FM

Vacuum Tubes

PCS1900MHz
GSM
CDMA
AMPS, etc

ESMR800MHz

Digital Modulation

Access Strategies

DQPSK

FDMA

GMSK

TDMA

Discrete Transistors

MSI

LSI

CDMA ASICs
VLSI,

System Capacity Evolution - Users

Dozens

Hundreds

100,000s

1,000,000s

1960

1990

AMPS = Advanced Mobile Phone System

N_AMPS = Narrowband AMPS (Motorola)
D-AMPS = Digital AMPS (IS-54 TDMA)
ESMR = Enhanced Specialized Mobile Radio

December, 19

PCS-1900 =
FDMA =
TDMA =
CDMA =

Personal Communication Systems

Frequency Division Multiple Access
Time Division Multiple Access
Code Division Multiple Access

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Summary: Wireless Economics and Logistics

Trends in Radio Communications
Technology:

Analog

System
Organization:

Centralized

Digital
Distributed

Cost per Subscriber

System Capacity
System Complexity
Radio Frequencies Used
Time

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End of Section

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