Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The Chemistry of
Acids and Bases
Acids
Bases
Have a bitter taste.
Feel slippery. Many soaps contain bases.
Taste sour
Corrode metals
Electrolytes
React with bases to form a salt and water
pH is less than 7
Turns blue litmus paper to red Blue to Red A-CID
No Oxygen
w/Oxygen
3 e le m e n t s
h y d r o - p r e fix
- ic e n d in g
n o h y d r o - p r e fix
- a t e e n d in g
becom es
- ic e n d in g
- it e e n d in g
becom es
- o u s e n d in g
hydrobromic acid
carbonic acid
sulfurous acid
H2SO3
10
Name Em!
HI (aq)
HCl (aq)
H2SO3
HNO3
HIO4
11
Basic Blue
12
sodium hydroxide
lye
KOH
potassium hydroxide
liquid soap
Ba(OH)2
barium hydroxide
Mg(OH)2
Al(OH)3
aluminum hydroxide
Maalox (antacid)
13
Observations
14
NaOH(aq)
HCl(aq)
Taste
Bitter
Sour
Slippery
Not slippery
14
Blue
Red
Phenolphthalein
*Pink
*Cloudy/ white
Bromothymol
*Blue
*Yellow
Magnesium
NR
Bubbles
Baking soda
NR
Bubbles
15
Acid/Base definitions
Definition #1: Arrhenius (traditional)
Acids produce H+ ions (or hydronium ions
H3O+)
Bases produce OH- ions
(problem: some bases dont have hydroxide
ions!)
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17
Acid/Base Definitions
Definition #2: Brnsted Lowry
Acids proton donor
Bases proton acceptor
A proton is really just a hydrogen
atom that has lost its electron!
base
acid
conjugate
acid
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conjugate
base
19
ACID-BASE THEORIES
The Brnsted definition means NH3 is
a BASE in water and water is
itself an ACID
NH
NH33+H
+H22O
O
Base
Acid
Base
Acid
NH
NH44++OH
+OH
Acid
Base
Acid
Base
Conjugate Pairs
20
21
H
base
+
H
HO
+
Cl
H
conjugate acid conjugate base
Practice problems
22
Answers: question 18
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25
Learning Check!
Label the acid, base, conjugate acid, and
conjugate base in each reaction:
26
OH
H OH
+
H
H
H
ACID
BASE
27
28
29
30
pH of Common
Substances
31
Calculating the pH
pH = - log [H+]
(Remember that the [ ] mean Molarity)
Example: If [H+] = 1 X 10-10
pH = - log 1 X 10-10
pH = - (- 10)
pH = 10
Example: If [H+] = 1.8 X 10-5
pH = - log 1.8 X 10-5
pH = - (- 4.74)
pH = 4.74
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33
Try These!
Find the pH of
these:
1) A 0.15 M solution
of Hydrochloric
acid
2) A 3.00 X 10-7 M
solution of Nitric
acid
10-pH = [H+]
[H+] = 10-3.12 = 7.6 x 10-4 M
34
35
36
Equilibriumconstantforwater=Kw
Kw=[H3O+][OH]=1.00x1014at25oC
OH
OH
++
H
O
H33O
37
pOH
Since acids and bases are
opposites, pH and pOH are
opposites!
pOH does not really exist, but it is
useful for changing bases to pH.
pOH looks at the perspective of a
base
pOH = - log [OH-]
Since pH and pOH are on opposite
ends,
pH + pOH = 14
38
39
pH
[H+]
[OH-]
pOH
40
41
42
[OH-]
4
-1
4
-1
H
[O
og
-L
10
x +]
0
.
1 [H
OH
-p
10
10
x -]
0
1. OH
[
[H+]
pOH
H
-p
10
+
[H
og
-L
14
pH
H
O
p
14
H
p
-
43
44
45
46
47
48
ammonia
49
Weak Bases
50
Equilibria Involving
Weak Acids and Bases
Consider acetic acid, HC2H3O2 (HOAc)
HC2H3O2 + H2O H3O+ + C2H3O2 Acid
Conj. base
++
-[H
O
][OAc
]
-5
[H
O
][OAc
]
3
3
K
1.8
Kaa
1.8 xx 10
10 -5
[HOAc]
[HOAc]
51
Conjugate
Bases
Increase
strength
Equilibrium Constants
for Weak Acids
52
Equilibrium Constants
for Weak Bases
53
54
Relation
of Ka, Kb,
[H3O+]
and pH
[H3O+]
[OAc-]
initial
1.00
change
-x
1.00-x
+x
x
+x
x
equilib
55
Thisisaquadratic.Solveusingquadratic
formula.
or you can make an approximation if x is very
small! (Rule of thumb: 10-5 or smaller is ok)
56
1.00
1.00
57
1.00
1.00
58
59
OH-
Kb = 1.8 x 10-5
Step 1. Define equilibrium concs. in ICE table
initial
change
equilib
[NH3]
0.010
[NH4+]
0
[OH-]
0
-x
+x
+x
0.010 - x
60
OH-
Kb = 1.8 x 10-5
Step 1. Define equilibrium concs. in ICE table
initial
change
equilib
[NH3]
0.010
[NH4+]
0
[OH-]
0
-x
+x
+x
0.010 - x
61
OH-
Kb = 1.8 x 10-5
Step 2. Solve the equilibrium expression
22
++][OH--]
[NH
x
-5
[NH44 ][OH ] =
x
-5
KKb 1.8
x
10
=
1.8 x 10
=
= 0.010 - x
b
[NH
]
[NH33 ]
0.010 - x
Assume x is small, so
x = [OH-] = [NH4+] = 4.2 x 10-4 M
and [NH3] = 0.010 - 4.2 x 10-4 0.010 M
The approximation is valid !
62
OH-
Kb = 1.8 x 10-5
Step 3. Calculate pH
[OH-] = 4.2 x 10-4 M
so pOH = - log [OH-] = 3.37
Because pH + pOH = 14,
pH = 10.63
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pH testing
There are several ways to test pH
Blue litmus paper (red = acid)
Red litmus paper (blue = basic)
pH paper (multi-colored)
pH meter (7 is neutral, <7 acid, >7
base)
Universal indicator (multi-colored)
Indicators like phenolphthalein
Natural indicators like red cabbage,
radishes
65
Paper testing
Paper tests like litmus paper and pH
paper
Put a stirring rod into the solution
and stir.
Take the stirring rod out, and place
a drop of the solution from the end
of the stirring rod onto a piece of
the paper
Read and record the color change.
Note what the color indicates.
You should only use a small
portion of the paper. You can use
one piece of paper for several tests.
66
pH paper
67
68
pH meter
Tests the voltage of the
electrolyte
Converts the voltage to
pH
Very cheap, accurate
Must be calibrated with
a buffer solution
pH indicators
Indicators are dyes that can be
added that will change color in
the presence of an acid or base.
Some indicators only work in a
specific range of pH
Once the drops are added, the
sample is ruined
Some dyes are natural, like radish
skin or red cabbage
69
ACID-BASE
ACID-BASE REACTIONS
REACTIONS
Titrations
Titrations
H2C2O4(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) --->
acid
base
Na2C2O4(aq) + 2 H2O(liq)
Carry out this reaction using a TITRATION.
Oxalic acid,
H2C2O4
70
71
72
Titration
1.
2.
LAB
LAB PROBLEM
PROBLEM #1:
#1: Standardize
Standardize aa
solution
solution of
of NaOH
NaOH
i.e.,
i.e., accurately
accurately
determine
determine its
its concentration.
concentration.
35.62 mL of NaOH is
neutralized with 25.2 mL of
0.0998 M HCl by titration to
an equivalence point. What
is the concentration of the
NaOH?
73
74
PROBLEM:
PROBLEM: You
You have
have 50.0
50.0 mL
mL of
of 3.0
3.0 M
M
NaOH
NaOH and
and you
you want
want 0.50
0.50 M
M NaOH.
NaOH.
What
What do
do you
you do?
do?
Add water to the 3.0 M solution to lower
its concentration to 0.50 M
75
PROBLEM:
PROBLEM: You
You have
have 50.0
50.0 mL
mL of
of 3.0
3.0 M
M
NaOH
NaOH and
and you
you want
want 0.50
0.50 M
M NaOH.
NaOH. What
What do
do
you
you do?
do?
H2O
3.0 M NaOH
Concentrated
0.50 M NaOH
Dilute
76
PROBLEM:
PROBLEM: You
You have
have 50.0
50.0 mL
mL of
of 3.0
3.0 M
M
NaOH
NaOH and
and you
you want
want 0.50
0.50 M
M NaOH.
NaOH. What
What do
do
you
you do
do??
How much water is added?
The important point is that --->
PROBLEM:
PROBLEM: You
You have
have 50.0
50.0 mL
mL of
of 3.0
3.0 M
M NaOH
NaOH and
and
you
you want
want 0.50
0.50 M
M NaOH.
NaOH. What
What do
do you
you do?
do?
Amount of NaOH in original solution =
MV
300 mL
77
PROBLEM:
PROBLEM: You
You have
have 50.0
50.0 mL
mL of
of 3.0
3.0 M
M
NaOH
NaOH and
and you
you want
want 0.50
0.50 M
M NaOH.
NaOH. What
What do
do
you
you do?
do?
Conclusion:
H2O
add 250 mL
of water to
3.0 M NaOH
Concentrated
50.0 mL of
3.0 M NaOH
to make 300
mL of 0.50 M
0.50 M NaOH NaOH.
Dilute
78
79
Preparing Solutions by
Dilution
A shortcut
M1 V1 = M2 V2
80