SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM

By limit state method of design

DIFFERENT METHODS OF DESIGN

OF
CONCRETE

1.
2.
3.
4.

Working Stress Method

Limit State Method
Ultimate Load Method
Probabilistic Method of Design

LIMIT STATE METHOD OF DESIGN

The object of the design based on the limit state

concept is to achieve an acceptable probability, that
a structure will not become unsuitable in its lifetime
for the use for which it is intended,
i.e. It will not reach a limit state

A structure with appropriate degree of reliability

should be able to withstand safely.

All loads, that are reliable to act on it throughout its

life and it should also satisfy the subs ability
requirements, such as limitations on deflection and
cracking.

It should also be able to maintain the required

structural integrity, during and after accident, such
as fires, explosion & local failure.
i.e. limit sate must be consider in design to ensure
an adequate degree of safety and serviceability
The most important of these limit states, which
must be examine in design are as follows
Limit state of collapse
- Flexure
- Compression
- Shear
- Torsion
This state corresponds to the maximum load
carrying capacity.

TYPES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

BEAMS
a)
b)
c)

Singly reinforced beam

Doubly reinforced beam
Singly or Doubly reinforced flanged
beams

SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM

In

singly reinforced simply supported beams

or slabs reinforcing steel bars are placed
near the bottom of the beam or slabs where
they are most effective in resisting the
tensile stresses.

Reinforcement in simply supported beam

b

COMPRESSION

STEEL REINFORCEMENT

TENSION
SUPPORT

CLEAR SPAN

SECTION A - A

Reinforcement in a cantilever beam

A
TENSION
D
d
COMPRESSION
A
CLEAR COVER

SECTION A - A

STRESS STRAIN CURVE FOR CONCRETE

fck

STRESS

.20 %
STRAIN

.35%

STRESS STARIN CURVE FOR STEEL

STRESS BLOCK PARAMETERS

0.446 fck

0.0035

X2

X2

X1

X1

x
b
d

= Depth of Neutral axis

= breadth of section
= effective depth of section

The depth of neutral axis can be obtained by

considering the equilibrium of the normal forces ,
that is,

Resultant force of compression

= average stress X area

= 0.36 fck bx

Resultant force of tension

= 0.87 fy At
Force of compression should be equal to force of tension,
0.36 fck bx

= 0.87 fy At

x =
Where At = area of tension steel

Moment of resistance with respect to concrete

= compressive force x lever arm

=

Moment of resistance with respect to steel

0.36 fck b x z

= tensile force x lever arm

= 0.87 fy At z

MAXIMUM DEPTH OF NEUTRAL

AXIS

A compression failure is brittle failure.

The maximum depth of neutral axis is limited to ensure that tensile

steel will reach its yield stress before concrete fails in compression,
thus a brittle failure is avoided.

The limiting values of the depth of neutral axis xm for different grades
of steel from strain diagram.

MAXIMUM DEPTH OF NEUTRAL

AXIS
fy N/mm2

xm

250

0.53 d

415

0.48 d

500

0.46 d

LIMITING VALUE OF TENSION

STEEL AND MOMENT OF
RESISTANCE

Since the maximum depth of neutral axis is limited,

the maximum value of moment of resistance is also
limited.
Mlim

with respect to concrete = 0.36 fck b x z

= 0.36 fck b xm (d 0.42 xm)

Mlim

with respect to steel

= 0.87 fck At (d 0.42 xm)

LIMITING MOMENT OF RESISTANCE

VALUES, N MM
Grade of

Grade of steel

concrete

Fe 250 steel

Fe 450 steel

Fe 500 steel

General

0.148 fck bd

0.138 fck bd

0.133 fck bd

M20

2.96 bd

2.76 bd

2.66 bd

M25

3.70 bd

3.45 bd

3.33 bd

M30

4.44 bd

4.14 bd

3.99 bd

TYPES OF PROBLEM
a)

Analysis of a section

b)

Design of a section

a)

For under reinforced section, the value of x/d is less than xm/d value.
The moment of resistance is calculated by following equation:
Mu = 0.87 fy At

a)

For balanced section, the moment of resistance is calculated by the

following equation:
Mu = 0.87 fy At

a)

( d 0.42xm)

For over reinforced section, the value of x/D is limited to xm/d and the
moment of resistance is computed based on concrete:
Mu = 0.36 fck b xm

( d 0.42 xm )

Analysis of section

Determine the moment of resistance for the section shown in figure.

(i) fck = 20 N/mm , fy = 415 N/mm

Solution:
(i) fck = 20 N/mm , fy = 415 N/mm
breadth (b)

= 250 mm

effective depth (d)

= 310 mm

effective cover

= 40 mm

Force of compression = 0.36 fck b x

= 0.36 X 20 X 250x
= 1800x N

Area of tension steel At

3 X 113 mm

Force of Tension

0.87 fy At

0.87 X 415 X 3 X 113

122400 N

Force of Tension

Force of compression

122400

1800x

68 mm

xm

0.48d

0.48 X 310

148.8 mm

148.8 mm

>

68 mm

Therefore,

Depth of neutral axis

68 mm

fy

xm

415

0.48d

500

0.46d

Lever arm z

As

d 0.42x

310 0.42 X 68

281 mm

<

xm

( It is under reinforced )

o
o

Since this is an under reinforced section, moment of resistance is

governed by steel.

Moment of resistance w.r.t steel = tensile force X z

Mu

= 0.87 X 415 X 3 X 113 X 281

o
o

= 0.87fy At z

Mu

= 34.40kNm

Design

of a section

Question : Design a rectangular beam to resist a bending moment equal to 45 kNm using
(i) M15 mix and mild steel
Solution :
The beam will be designed so that under the applied moment both materials
reach their maximum stresses.
Assume ratio of overall depth to breadth of the beam equal to 2.
Breadth of the beam

Overall depth of beam

therefore ,

D/b

For a balanced design,

Factored BM

= moment of resistance with respect to concrete

= moment of resistance with respect to steel
= load factor X B.M
= 1.5 X 45
= 67.5 kNm

For balanced section,

Moment of resistance Mu

0.36 fck b xm(d - 0.42 xm)

Grade for mild steel is Fe250

For Fe250 steel,

Since

fy

xm

250

0.53d

415

0.48d

xm

0.53d

Mu

0.36 fck b (0.53 d) (1 0.42 X 0.53) d

2.22bd

D/b =2 or,

d/b = 2 or,

b=d/2

Mu

1.11 d

Mu

67.5 X 10 Nmm

d=394 mm

and

b= 200mm

450 mm

250 mm

415mm

Adopt

Area of tensile steel At =

962 mm

9.62 cm

Minimum area of steel Ao=

0.85

353 mm

353 mm

<

962 mm

In beams the diameter of main reinforced bars is usually selected

between 12 mm and 25 mm.
Provide 2-20mm and 1-22mm bars giving total area
=

6.28 + 3.80

10.08 cm > 9.62 cm

SLIDES BY :
HARSIMRAN SINGH TIWANA
ROLL NO :5059
UNIVERSITY : 514010017

GROUP MEMBERS :
DILRAJ SINGH
HARSIMRAN SINGH
AMNINDER SINGH

D3/CIVIL/5051
D3/CIVIL/5059
D3/CIVIL/5060