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General Provisions
When determining load effects in members and
connections of a structure with composite
members consider effective sections at the
time each increment of load is applied.
Properties of the concrete and reinforcing steel
are per ACI 318
Available strength of members is from either
plastic stress distribution or strain compatibility
Tensile strength of concrete is assumed to be
zero
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Available Compressive
Strength
For axial load encased column, limit case of
flexural buckling
c = 0.75 and c = 2.00
'
c c
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EIeff
2
Pe
KL
Effective rigidity
EIeff E sIs 0.5E sIsr C1 E c Ic
A
s
C1 0.1 2
0.3
A
A
c
s
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Nominal compressive
strength
If Pe 0.44 P0
P0
e
Pn P0 0.658
Pn 0.877Pe
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Shear Connectors
It is necessary to ensure that load is
transferred from the concrete to the
steel
Shear connectors accomplish this
Resist the shear force between the
slab and beam
Prevent separation of the slab from
the beam
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Shear Connectors
Stud connectors are the most common in U.S.
Short round steel bar, welded to the beam at one
end, with a head at the other end.
Diameter from 12 in. to 1 in. and lengths from 2 to
8 in.
The ratio of the length to diameter 4.
Most commonly used sizes are 34 in. or 7/8 in.
dia.
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Shear studs
ASTM-A108, AISI Grades C1010, C1015, C1017 or
C1020 cold-drawn steel with a minimum tensile
strength of 60 ksi and a minimum elongation of
20%
specified in the AWS Structural Welding Code D1.1-75.
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V ' V 1
P
0
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Distribution
Shear connectors that can hold the
required V must be distributed along
the length for at least 2.5 times the
depth of the encased column above
and below the applied load
Maximum spacing is 16
Connectors must be on at least 2
faces, symmetrically
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Shear Connectors
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Additional issues
At least four longitudinal bars must be
used.
Transverse reinforcement must be spaced
at the lesser of
16 longitudinal bar diameters
48 tie bar diameters
Half of the least dimension of the composite
section
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Shear strength of a
connector
Qn 0.5Asc f E c Ascu
'
c
Floor beam
Girder
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Effective width
b
tc
Yc
hr
tw
tf
bf
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Shear Connectors
Steel section
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Concrete Slab