CE-462 FALL 2010

SATELLITE
COMMUNICATIONS
Lecture 6 & 7
Link Design (Part 3)

Agenda
2

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Introduction
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Temperature Relationships
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Origin of Noise
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Noise consists of all unwanted

contributions whose power adds to the
wanted carrier power
Reduces ability of the receiver to reproduce
correctly the information content of the
received wanted carrier
Origin of Noise:

Noise emitted by natural sources of radiation

located within the antenna reception area;
Noise generated by components in the
receiving equipment
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System Noise Power (1)

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Noise Power Spectral Density (PSD)

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Noise temperature of a Noise

Source

Noise temperature of a 2-port noise

source delivering an available noise
power spectral density No is given by:
T N o / k (K)

k=1.379 x 10^-23 = -228.6 dBW / Hz K

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Effective Input Noise

Temperature (Te)

Te of a 4-port element is the

thermodynamic temperature of a
resistance, placed at the i/p of a noise
free element, establishes the same
available noise power at the o/p of the
element as actual element without the
noise source at the input

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System Noise Temperature

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Figure 4.5 (p. 107)

Simplified earth station receiver. BPF, bandpass filter.
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Figure 4.6 (p. 108)

Double conversion earth station receiver. The first downconversion shifts signals in a
500-MHz band to the first IF range 900-1400 MHz. The second downconverter has a
tunable local oscillator and channel selection filter to select the wanted transponder
12signal in the second IF centered at 70 MHz.

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Typical Earth Station (E/S) Receiver

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Noise Model
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Equivalent Noise Model of Receiver

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Calculating System Noise Temperature (1)

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Calculating System Noise Temperature (2)

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Minimizing Noise Power (1)

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Minimizing Noise Power (2)

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Input Noise Temperature

(Tin)

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E/S Antenna Tin Contributors (1):

Natural Sources (Sky Noise)

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E/S Antenna Tin Contributors (2):

Man-Made Sources

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E/S Antenna Noise

Temperature:

Clear
In clearSky
sky conditions,
(No Rain)(1)
antenna noise

temperature contains contributions due to

sky and the surrounding ground
Only that part of the sky in the direction of
the antenna boresight contributes
Radiation from ground is captured by:

the side lobes of the antenna radiation

pattern
Partly by main lobe when the elevation angle
is small TA TSKY TGROUND (K)
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E/S Antenna Noise Temperature:

Clear Sky (No Rain) (2)

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E/S Antenna Input

Noise Temperature Increase Due
to Rain (1)

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E/S Antenna Input

Noise Temperature Increase Due
to Rain (2)

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Noise temperature of a
satellite antenna (uplink)

Noise from earth and outer space

Beamwidth of a satellite antenna is 17.5 for
GEO
So major contribution is that from the Earth
Here antenna noise temp depends on
frequency and orbital position of the satellite
For smaller beam, it depends on the frequency
and the area covered
Continents radiate more noise than oceans
290K can be taken as a conservative value for
preliminary design
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Noise from Active Devices

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Noise from Lossy Elements

(1)

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Noise from Lossy Elements

(2)

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Noise from Lossy Elements

(3)

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Noise Figure
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Translating Noise to Common Reference

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Translating Noise to Common

Reference (2)
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Multiple Bounce Link Budgets (1)

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Multiple Bounce Link Budgets (2)

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Figure Of Merit: G/T

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Link Budget Equation & G/T

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Link Budget Summary:

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So Many Trade-Offs!

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