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RELIABILITY
According to qualitative
research:
Researchers can only come to
understand the social world through
participants interpretations
interpretative approach.
Reality is diverse and multifaceted.
The goal is to get a picture of this
reality. To measure means to reduce it
and therefore lose meaning.
BASES OF VALIDITY IN
BASES OF VALIDITY IN
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Controllability
Natural
Thick description
Replicability
Uniqueness
Emergence, unpredictability
Predictability
Generalizability
Uniqueness
Context-freedom
Context-boundedness
Holism
Randomization of samples
BASES OF RELIABILITY IN
BASES OF RELIABILITY IN
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Reliability
Dependability
Demonstrability
Trustworthiness
Parallel forms
Parallel forms
Context-freedom
Context-specificity
Objectivity
Coverage of domain
Comprehensiveness of situation
Depth of response
VALIDITY
Validity in qualitative research often
concerns: honesty, richness, authenticity,
depth, scope, subjectivity, strength of
feeling, catching uniqueness, idiographic
statements.
VALIDITY IN QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
Much less direct than in quantitative
research
Realist prospective
Inductive research
Not to eliminate the validity threat
Want to CLARIFY
RELIABILITY IN QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
Credibility
Neutrality
Confirmability
Dependability
Consistency
Applicability
Trustworthiness
Transferability
Type of validity
DESCRIPTIVE VALIDITY
INTERPRETIVE VALIDITY
THEORETICAL VALIDITY
GENERALIZABIILTY
EVALUATION
Descriptive validity
The factual accuracy of the account
as reported by the researcher
reportage
refer to a specific event or
situation
they could be attained with
intersubjective agreement
No account can include everything
with accuracy
Interpretive Validity
The degree to which the participants
viewpoints, thoughts, intentions and
experiences are accurately understood and
reported by the qualitative researcher
emic account is a description behavior or
belief in terms meaningful to the actor that is,
an emic account in culture specific
etic account is a description of a behavior or
belief by an observer, in terms that can be
applied to other cultures; that is, an etic
account is culturally neutral
Theoretical Validity
The degree to which a theory or
theoretical explanation developed
from a research study fits the data
and is, therefore, credible and
defensible
Evaluative Validity
The degree to which a researcher is
justified in concluding that an
observed relationship is causal. More
often, qualitative researchers are
concerned with studying and
understanding a process rather than
identifying cause and effect
relationship
A study is
trustworthy if,
and only if, the
reader of the
reseach report
judge it to be so
(Rolfe, 2006)
Triangulation = a cross-checking of
information and conclusions in research,
brought about by the use of multiple
procedures or sources. If there is agreement
between these, there is support of the
interpretation of data.
Using triangulation does not mean you get a
certain truth, but you get closer to it
reflexivity is still necessary.
Example of triangulation
techniques:
Method triangulation. Comparing data that come
from the use of different methods. These could be
both quantitative and qualitative. Eg. first using a
questionaire to ask about eating habits in a school,
and then conduct focus group interviews afterwards.
Researcher triangulation involves using different
people as researchers. This increased the
confirmability and credibility of conclusions. Without
this data collection and conclusions might be
affected by researcher bias.
Other triangulation techniques include data
triangulation and theory triangulation.
Triangulation
Method to enhance
the validity &
reliability of
qualitative research
Enhances accuracy
of interpretation
Confirms that the
data collected is not
due to chance or
circum-stances
Triangulation
For example:
Collect data from
May interview teachers,
multiple sources
principals & parents
Collect data in
May interview &
multiple ways from
observe students
subjects
Collect different
May review student
kinds of data in
records, interview
multiple ways from
teachers, observe
multiple subjects
students
Triangulation
Multiple data
collection strategies
Kinds of data
Multiple
kinds of data
Subjects
(data sources)
Data collection
strategies
Multiple data
sources
Example of triangulation
techniques:
Method triangulation. Comparing data that come
from the use of different methods. These could be
both quantitative and qualitative. Eg. first using a
questionaire to ask about eating habits in a school,
and then conduct focus group interviews afterwards.
Researcher triangulation involves using different
people as researchers. This increased the
confirmability and credibility of conclusions. Without
this data collection and conclusions might be
affected by researcher bias.
Other triangulation thechniques include data
triangulation and theory triangulation.
Transferability Generalizability
The context is well described as it is unlikely that
The research conclusions can be applied to
it wont have an impact on the findings. Different samples as the research context is
controlled enough.
Dependability Reliability
Data obtained cannot be expected to be the same
Repeated use of the instrument provide stable
Dependability means therefore that the researcher has
measurements and researchers using them
Described all factors that might have influenced the data. Find similar results
Confirmability Objectivity
Subjectivity is not only unavoidable; it is valued. Therefore
researchers should give details of procedures and attempt As many sources of bias from opinion are
eliminated from the research process
To find examples that contradict the findings.