ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACT ACCESSMENT

What is Environment ?
The dictionary meaning of the term environment is
surrounding.
What continues surrounding?
It encompasses all external conditions influencing
development or growth of people, animals and/or
Climate,
plants.
People/
Animal/
Plant

Nature

Soil,
Water,
Air,
Land-forms,
Vegetation,
Minerals

Social,
Cultural,
Economic

National Environmental Policy Act of USA:

Environment include physical, social, cultural,
economic and aesthetic dimension.

Environment means the whole complex of

physical including chemical, social,
cultural, economic, and aesthetic factors
which affect individuals and communities
and ultimately determine their form,
character, relationship and survival.

Different elements of Environment

Physical Environment (include Physical, chemical

and biological factors)
Social Environment (social and cultural life of the
people)
Economic Environment (employment and
unemployment levels, average income, economic
base, etc.)
Aesthetic Environment (historical, archaeological,
architectural objects or sites; scenic areas, views and
landscape)

Physical Environment

Land and Climate

Vegetation, wildlife and Natural Areas
Surrounding Land uses and physical character
of the area
Infrastructure
Air pollution sources and levels
Noise pollution sources
Water pollution sources and levels

Impact Assessment:
systematic analysis of the problem
being addressed, the objective,
alternative options to reach the
objective and their likely impacts
through a structured way .
(from EU Guidelines)

Why do impact
assessments?

Need results from

problems of
choice, where
decision-makers
face one or more
options in a given
context
(e.g. choice
among projects;
choice within a
project; policy
impacts (tradeoffs)

Will support better

policy-making but cannot
be a substitute for it

Ensures
coherence
between
development
interventions

Law, Policies and Institutional Arrangements

When establishing or strengthening an EIA system, there is an opportunity to build
upon the experience of others and to move towards legal and policy frameworks
that support environmental sustainability.

More systematic procedures for EIA implementation, quality control,

compliance and enforcement;

Integrated consideration of biophysical, social, risk, health and other

impacts;

Extended temporal and spatial frameworks, which include

cumulative,
trans-boundary and ecosystem-level effects and, to a lesser
extent, global
change;

Increasing provision for strategic environmental assessment (SEA) of

policy, plan and programme proposals;

Incorporation of sustainability perspectives and principles into EIA and

SEA processes; and

Greater linkage of EIA systems with other planning, regulatory and

management regimes.

The Evolution of EIA

Pre-1970s: The Project evaluation is dominated by economic and
technical criteria
1970s: practice of EIA in some developed countries; wider
attention to environmental impacts since mid-1980s
1980s: consideration of social and institutional aspects
1980s and early 1990s: thematic assessments by donor agencies
Late 1990s: Integrated approaches to impact assessment in
varied forms
INDIAN CONTEST
In order to predict environmental impacts of any development
activity and to provide an opportunity to mitigate against negative
impacts and enhance positive impacts, the Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) procedure was developed in the 1970s
the Ministry of Environment and Forests at New Delhi introduced
the EIA law through a gazette notification passed on 27 January
1994, for obtaining "environmental clearance" for certain types of

EIA Requirements of International Organisations

The World Bank and the regional development banks, such as Asian Development
Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and Inter-American
Development Bank, now have well-established EIA procedures, which apply to their
lending activities and projects undertaken by borrowing countries.
The World Bank environmental agenda

Policy

Aims

Source: World Bank (1999: 8-10)

Do-No-Harm

To mitigate the potential adverse effects of the Banks investment

projects on the environment and vulnerable populations, EIA
procedures and safeguard policies are applied. In many cases,
these have contributed to better project design and environmental
management plans have helped to improve project implementation.

The World Bank environmental agenda

Policy

Aims

Targeted Environmental Assistance

To foster long-term environmental sustainability and

improve conditions in developing countries,
designated Bank projects target the following areas:
sustainable natural resource management, including
watershed protection and biodiversity conservation;
pollution management and urban environmental
improvements; environmental institution and
capacity building, and global environmental actions,
in accordance with international environmental
conventions and commitments.

Mainstreaming the Environment at the Level of

Policy and Programmes

To integrate environmental concerns at the macro

level, the Bank has reviewed the policies of the
energy, rural development and other sectors,
established an environmental framework for its
country assistance strategies and intends to make
greater use of SEA at the programme and regional
level.

Public Involvement
This term includes public consultation (or dialogue) and public participation, which is a
more interactive and intensive process of stakeholder engagement.
Most EIA processes are undertaken through consultation rather than participation.
At a minimum, public involvement must provide an opportunity for those directly affected
by a proposal to express their views regarding the proposal and its environmental and social
impacts.

The purpose of public involvement is to:

Inform the stakeholders about the proposal and its likely effects;
Canvass their inputs, views and concerns; and
Take account of the information and views of the public in the EIA and decision
making.

The key objectives of public involvement are to:

Obtain local and traditional knowledge that may be useful for decisionmaking;
Facilitate consideration of alternatives, mitigation measures and
tradeoffs;
Ensure that important impacts are not overlooked and benefits are
maximised;
Reduce conflict through the early identification of contentious issues;
Provide an opportunity for the public to influence project design in a
positive manner (thereby creating a sense of ownership of the proposal);
Improve transparency and accountability of decision-making; and
Increase public confidence in the EIA process.

Levels and forms of public involvement

Level

Form of involvement

Adapted from Bass et al (1995)

Informing

One way flow of information from the proponent to the public

Consulting Two way flow of information between the proponent and the public with
opportunities for the public to express views on the proposal
Participati
ng

Negotiatin
g

Interactive exchange between the proponent and the public encompassing

shared analysis and agenda setting and the development of understood
and agreed positions on the proposal and its impacts
Face to face discussion between the proponent and key stakeholders to
build consensus and reach a mutually acceptable resolution of issues, for
example on a package of impact mitigation and compensation measures.

Measurement of Environmental
Impacts

Air Pollution

Mobile Emission
Residential activities
commercial activities
Stationary Emission
Residential activities
commercial activities

Water Quantity and Quality

Demand for Water

Domestic demand:

Commercial/Industrial Demand

Irrigation Demand

Solid West

Forest and wildlife

Measurement of Social Variables

Impact Analysis

Implications of the widening

environment and sustainability agenda
Early EIAs focused only or primarily on impacts on
the natural or biophysical environment (such as
effects on air and water quality, flora and fauna,
noise levels, climate and hydrological systems).
However, over time, increased consideration has
been given to social, health and economic impacts.
This trend has been driven partly by public
involvement in the EIA process.

In many EIA systems, a broad definition of

environment is adopted. This can include effects on:

human health and safety;

flora, fauna, ecosystems and biological diversity;
soil, water, air, climate and landscape;
use of land, natural resources and raw materials;
protected areas and designated sites of scientific,
historical and cultural significance;
heritage, recreation and amenity assets; and
livelihood, lifestyle and well being of those affected
by a proposal.

Environmental
Impact Assessment is

A formal process for identifying:

likely effects of activities or
projects on the
ENVIRONMENT, and on
human health and welfare.
means and measures to
mitigate & monitor these
impacts

Environment is
broadly interpreted:
physical, biological,
and social.
In EIA, the term
impacts is used
instead of effects
of activities.

What is an
impact?

What is an impact?
The impact of an activity is
a deviation (a change) from
the baseline situation that
is caused by the activity.

! To measure an impact, you

must know what the
baseline situation is.

The baseline
situation is the
existing
environmental
situation or
condition in the
absence of the
activity.
The baseline
situation is a key
concept in EIA.

More

The baseline situation

In characterizing the
baseline situation,
many environmental
components MAY be
of interest
The components of
interest are those that
are likely to be affected
by your activityor
upon which your
activity depends for its
success

Water & Air Quantity, quality,

reliability, accessibility
Soils

Erosion, crop productivity,

fallow periods, salinity,
nutrient concentrations

Fauna

Populations, habitat

Env Health Disease vectors, pathogens

Flora

Composition and density of

natural vegetation,
productivity, key species

Special
Key species
ecosystems

The baseline situation is not simply a

snapshot.
Describing the baseline situation requires
describing both the normal variability in
environmental components & current trends
in these components.

Water table

The baseline situation

time
This chart of
groundwater levels
shows both variability
and a trend over time.
Both are part of the
groundwater baseline
situation.

Types of impacts & their attributes

The EIA process is
concerned with
all types of impacts and
may describe them in a
number of ways
Intensity
Direction
Spatial extent
Duration
Frequency
Reversibility
Probability

Direct & indirect

impacts
Short-term & longterm impacts
Adverse & beneficial
impacts
Cumulative impacts

But all impacts are

NOT treated
equally.

Specifically,

! It is ESSENTIAL in EIA
to focus on the most
significant impacts.
Dont waste effort & time
analyzing and discussing
impacts that are less
important.

Impact Identification

checklists;
matrices;
networks;
overlays and geographic information systems
(GIS);
expert systems; and
professional judgement

Checklist

Screening
Identifying whether or not an EIA is required for a proposal.
It examines projects relative strengths and weaknesses, and allows
participants to gain initial familiarity with the concept of impact,
significance and its importance in triggering the right level of EIA review.
The screening process can have one of four outcomes:
No further level of EIA is required;
A full and comprehensive EIA is required;
A more limited EIA is required (often called preliminary or initial assessment); or
Further study is necessary to determine the level of EIA required (often called an
initial environmental evaluation or examination [IEE]).

Screening procedure
The screening procedures employed for this purpose can be classified into two broad,
overlapping approaches:
Prescriptive or standardised approach
Proposals subject to or exempt from EIA are defined or listed in legislation and regulations;
and
Discretionary or customised approach
Proposals are screened on an individual or case-by-case base, using indicative guidance.

Specific methods used in screening

include:

Legal (or policy) definition of proposals to which

EIA does or does not apply;
Inclusion list of projects (with or without thresholds)
for which an EIA is automatically required;
exclusion list of activities which do not require EIA
because they are insignificant or are exempt by law
(e.g. national security or emergency activities); and
Criteria for case-by-case screening of proposals to
identify those requiring an EIA because of their
potentially significant environmental effects.

Screening is a flexible process and can be extended into

preliminary forms of EIA study.
These extended screening procedures

include:

Initial environmental examination carried out in cases where

the environmental impacts of a proposal are uncertain or
unknown (e.g. new technologies or undeveloped areas);

Environmental overview carried out as a rapid assessment of

the environmental issues and impacts of a proposal; and

Class screening carried out for a family of small projects or

repetitive activities, where the environmental effects and
means of mitigation are known but there is potential for
cumulative impacts (e.g. dredging, road realignment, bank
stabilisation).

Criteria for the determination of the

need for, and level of, EIA

Character of the receiving environment

Potential impact of proposal
Resilience of natural and human
environments to cope with change
Confidence of prediction of impacts
Presence of planning, policy framework
and other decision-making processes
Degree of public interest

Character of the receiving

environment
Consider:

Is it, or is it likely to be, part of the conservation estate or

subject to treaty?
Is it an existing or potential environmentally significant area?
Is it vulnerable to major natural or induced hazards?
Is it a special purpose area?
Is it an area where human communities are vulnerable?
Does it involve a renewable or a non-renewable resource?
Is it a degraded area, subject to significant risk levels, or a
potentially contaminated site?

Potential impact of proposal

Will implementation or construction, operation and/or

decommissioning of the proposal have the potential to cause
significant changes to the receiving environment (on-site or
off-site, transboundary, short term or long term)?
Could implementation of the proposal give rise to health
impacts or unsafe conditions?
Will the proposal significantly divert resources to the
detriment of other natural and human communities?

NOTE: This should include consideration of the magnitude of the

impacts, their spatial extent, the duration and the intensity of
change, the total life cycle and whether and how the impacts
are manageable.

Resilience of natural and human

environments to cope with change

Can the receiving environment absorb the level of impact

predicted without suffering irreversible change?
What are the implications of the proposal for bio-diversity?
Can land uses at and around the site be sustained?
Can sustainable uses of the site be achieved beyond the life of
the proposal?
Are contingency or emergency plans proposed or in place to
deal with accidental events?

NOTE: Cumulative as well as individual impacts should be

considered in the context of sustainability.

Confidence of prediction of impacts

What level of knowledge do we have on the

resilience of a given significant ecosystem?
Is the proposal sufficiently detailed and understood
to enable the impacts to be established?
Is the level and nature of change to the natural
human environment sufficiently understood to allow
the impact of the proposal to be predicted and
managed?
Is it practicable to monitor the predicted effects?
Are present community values on land use and
resource use known or likely to change?

Presence of planning, policy framework and

other decision-making processes

Is the proposal consistent with existing policy

frameworks?
Do other approval processes exist to
adequately assess and manage proposal
impacts?
What legislation, standard codes or guidelines
are available to properly monitor and control
operations and the types or quantity of the
impacts?

Degree of public interest

Is the proposal controversial or could it lead to

controversy or concern in the community?
Will the amenity, values or lifestyle of the
community be adversely affected?
Will large numbers of people require
relocation?
Will the proposal result in inequities between
sectors of the community?

Scoping
The scoping process identifies the issues that are likely to be
of most importance during the EIA and eliminates those that
are of little concern. Typically, this process concludes with
the establishment of Terms of Reference for the preparation
of an EIA.
In this way, scoping ensures that EIA studies are focused on
the significant effects and time and money are not wasted on
unnecessary investigations.
Major issues and impacts that will be important in decisionmaking on the proposal, and need to be addressed in an EIA

Purpose of scoping is to identify

The important issues to be considered in an

EIA;
The appropriate time and space boundaries of
the EIA study;
The information necessary for decisionmaking; and
The significant effects and factors to be
studied in detail.

Key objectives of scoping

Inform the public about the proposal;

Identify the main stakeholders and their concerns and values;
Define the reasonable and practical alternatives to the
proposal;
Focus the important issues and significant impacts to be
addressed by an EIA;
Define the boundaries for an EIA in time, space and subject
matter;
Set requirements for the collection of baseline and other
information; and
Establish the Terms of Reference for an EIA study

What is an activity?
We are discussing the impacts of activities.
What are activities?
An activity is:

a desired

accomplishment or
output
E.g.: a road, seedling
production, or river
diversion to irrigate
land

A project or program may

consist of many activities

Accomplishing an activity
requires a set of actions
ACTIVIT
Y:

ACTIONS:

Survey, grading, culvert

market access construction, compaction,
road
etc. . .
rehabilitation

The EIA process

Phase II:
Full EIA study
(if needed)

Phase I:
Initial inquiries

Scope
Evaluate baseline situation
Identify & choose alternatives
Identify and characterize potential
impacts of proposed activity and
each alternative
Develop mitigation and monitoring
Communicate and document

Understand
proposed activities
Screen
Conduct preliminary
assessment (if
needed)

Our focus!

Phase 1 of the EIA Process

Understand
proposed
activity
Why is the
activity being
proposed?
What is being
proposed?

Screen the
activity
Based on the
nature of the
activity what
level of
environmental
review is
indicated?

Conduct a
Preliminary
Assessment
ACTIVITY IS
OF MODERATE
OR UNKNOWN
RISK

ACTIVITY IS LOW
RISK (Of its nature,
very unlikely to have
significant adverse
impacts)

ACTIVITY IS
HIGH RISK (Of its
nature, likely to have
significant adverse
impacts)

A rapid,
simplified EIA
study using
simple tools
(e.g. the
USAID IEE)

Phase I
SIGNIFICANT
ADVERSE
IMPACTS
POSSIBLE
SIGNIFICANT
ADVERSE
IMPACTS
VERY UNLIKELY

STOP
the EIA
process

Phase II
BEGIN
FULL EIA
STUDY

Phase 1 of the EIA process:

Understand
proposed
ALLthe
EIA processes
beginactivity
with
Understand
the proposed
activities
Why is the
activity being
proposed?
What is being
proposed?

understanding WHAT is being proposed,

and WHY.
The question
WHY IS THE ACTIVITY BEING PROPOSED?
Is answered with the development objective (D.O.).

building a road

If we dont
understand
it, we cant
assess it!

Not a D.O.!

increasing access
Is a D.O.
to markets

We must understand the

Development Objective to identify
environmentally sound alternatives

Phase 1 of the EIA process:

we understand the development
UnderstandOnce
the
proposed
activity
objective, we must fully understand
Understand
the proposed
activities
Why is the
activity being
proposed?

WHAT is being proposed.

This includes associated actions!

What is being
proposed?

Oops. I
forgot about
the borrow
pit.

PRIMARY ACTIVITY:
construction of diversion dam &
irrigation canal
ASSOCIATED ACTIONS:
Survey
negotiate land tenure
construct borrow pit
establish construction camp
construct temporary
diversion structure
dispose of soil, debris

Phase 1 of the EIA process:

Screen the activity

Screen each
activity

Based on the
nature of the
activity, what
level of
environmental
analysis is
indicated?

SCREENING is the process of asking

a very basic set of questions about
the nature of activity.
These questions:
do NOT require analysis.
do NOT require detailed knowledge
about the proposed sites, techniques or
methods
Example screening questions:
Does the activity involve:
Penetration road building?
Large-scale irrigation?
Introduction of non-native
crop or agroforestry species?

Phase 1 of the EIA process:

Screen the activity

Screen each
activity

Based on the
nature of the
activity, what
level of
environmental
analysis is
indicated?

screening classifies the activity into

a RISK CATEGORY:
VERY LOW RISK

EIA process ends

VERY HIGH RISK

Do full EIA study

MODERATE OR
UNKNOWN RISK

Do preliminary
assessment

The outcome of the

screening process
determines the next step
in the EIA process

Phase 1 of the EIA process:

Screen the activity

! Each donor agency

and national EIA law

has its own set of
screening questions.

Screening is the topic

of an upcoming
module

Phase 1 of the EIA process:

The Preliminary Assessment

Conduct a
Preliminary
Assessment

A rapid,
simplified EIA
study using
simple tools
(e.g. the
USAID IEE)

Screening
determines
whether the
preliminary
assessment is

The purpose of a preliminary

assessment is to provide
documentation and analysis that:

Allows the preparer to

determine whether or not
significant adverse impacts are
likely

Allows the reviewer to agree or

disagree with the preparers
determinations

Sets out mitigation and

monitoring for adverse impacts

Phase 1 of the EIA process:

Preliminary
TheTypical
Preliminary
Assessment
Assessment outline
1. Background (Development
objective, list of activities)

For each activity it covers, a

preliminary assessment has 3
possible findings:

2. Description of the baseline

situation

The project is very unlikely

to have significant adverse
impacts. (EIA process ends)

3. Evaluation of potential
environmental impacts
4. Mitigation & monitoring
5. Recommended Findings

With specified mitigation

and monitoring, the project
is unlikely to have
significant adverse impacts
The project is likely to have
significant adverse impacts
(full EIA study is required)

What is mitigation?

Mitigation is. . .
The implementation of
measures designed to
reduce the undesirable
effects of a proposed
action on the
environment
Mitigation is the topic of
an upcoming module!

To arrive at findings:
Identify,
and inJudge
Arriving at Predict
the FINDINGS
a preliminary
assessment requires 3 steps:
1

Identify potential
impacts

Many resources describe the potential

impacts of typical small-scale activities.

Predict potential
impacts

Determine which potential impacts are likely

to become actual, and quantify these
impacts to the extent possible.

Judge the
significance of
potential impacts

Determine whether the predicted impacts are

indeed significant!
THIS WILL OFTEN DEPEND ON HOW
EFFECTIVE THE PROPOSED MITIGATION
MEASURES ARE!

 Subsequent modules. . .
Present tools to assist
in identifying &
predicting impacts
Discuss the factors
involved in judging
significance

We only proceed to
Phase II of the EIA process

if
Phase I indicates that
a FULL EIA STUDY
is required

Most small-scale activities do

not require a full EIA study!

Phase 2 of the EIA process:

!
The
Full
EIA
study
The full EIA study has
very similar objectives
and structure to a
preliminary
assessment.
However, the full EIA
study differs in
important ways:
*includes the project as
proposed, the no-action alternative
at least one other real alternative

A formal scoping process

precedes the study to ID
issues to be addressed

Analysis of environmental
impacts is much more
detailed

Alternatives* must be
formally defined. The
impacts of each
alternative must be
identified & evaluated,
and the results compared.

Public participation is
usually required.
A professional EIA team is
usually required.

Phase 2 of the EIA process:

The
Full
EIA
study
With a few additions, the basic

1. Background (Development
objective, list of activities)
2. Description of the baseline
situation
3. Evaluation of potential
environmental impacts
4. Mitigation & monitoring
5. Recommended Findings

Scope
Evaluate baseline
situation
Identify & choose
alternatives
Identify and characterize
potential impacts of
proposed activity and
each alternative
Compare alternatives
Develop mitigation and
monitoring

Communicate & Document throughout

outline of the preliminary

assessment is the template for
the steps involved in a full EIA
study:

Basic steps of the full

EIA study

Phase 2 of the EIA process:

The Full EIA study

InThesummary,
full EIA study is a far
more significant effort than
the preliminary assessment.
It is reserved for activities for
which screening or the
preliminary assessment
shows that significant
impacts are likely.

Who is involved in EIA?

Sponsor of the activity
(usually commissions/conducts the
EIA)

Regulatory agencies/
Review authorities
Broad-based public
Communities (men & women)
Civil society
Private Sector

Public consultation is usually

only REQUIRED for full EIA
studies.
However, it is good practice
for preliminary assessments
because:
Predicting impacts is
FACILITATED by broadbased public consultation;
Judging significance is very
difficult without it.
Transparency and
accessibility require
disclosure to stakeholders

Making
EIA
effective
To be an effective tool for
ESD, EIA must be:
a integral part of the project
development cycle

EIA is undertaken early enough

to affect project design
Mitigation and monitoring
developed in the EIA process is
implemented.

Honest
Transparent & accessible

The full EIA study must

consider real alternatives
Impacts must be assessed
honestly.
The EIA products must be clear
and accessible to key actors.

The Triple Bottom Line (TBL) Approach to

Sustainable Development
Development is a
multidimensional
undertaking to
achieve a higher
quality of life for all
people. Economic
development, social
development and
environmental
protection are
interdependent
and mutually
reinforcing
components of
sustainable

Human needs &

demand
management

Social &
Political

SD

Economy &
Industry

Environment
& Resources
Green
lifestyles &
cultural goals

Efficiency
& clean
technology

(Ravetz, 2000)

Example 1: TBL linkages in

the Chilika Lagoon

Length: 64 kms (max)

Breadth: 20 kms (max)
Avg. water spread area: 1065 sq km
Depth: 0.38 to 4.2 m
Catchment area: 4406 sq km
Total fisher folk: 0.2 million

By the mid-1990s
the old mouth opening to the
sea was getting choked up
siltation and poor flushing
was resulting in the shrinkage
in waterspread area
salinity was decreasing and
the lagoon was in danger of
turning into a freshwater lake
proliferation of invasive
species and loss of
biodiversity
decrease in fish yield and
diversity

The restoration
strategy implemented
included:
opening of a new mouth
to the sea
watershed management in
the catchment area
GIS-based monitoring
local community
involvement in lagoon
management

As a result

public consultation

significant ecosystem
improvements

rehabilitation through
successive cycles

eight-fold increase in annual

fish landings

A successful intervention??
Large-scale entry of non-traditional producers has led to
marginalization of traditional fisher folk and,
consequently, huge social conflicts
Substantial increase in money incomes, but no avenues
for productive investment. Result: increasing alcoholism
and crime in the region
Growing mafia activity; manifested in the form of
unauthorised encroachments for shrimp culture
Hence, doubts about long-run sustainability! How
can an IIA help in this case?

Example 2: Environmental Pollution in the Taj

Trapezium Zone (TTZ)
TTZ: a 10,400 sq
km area in and
around the city of
Agra (India),
witness to
unplanned urban
growth, lack of
basic infrastructure
services, and poor
quality of life

But, at the same time, the zone is home to the breathtaking

beauty of the Taj Mahal, one of the Seven Wonders of the
world a World Heritage Site

Sources of air pollution in the TTZ

2,354 polluting
factories inside the
zone, majority
belonging to the small
sector (foundries, glassmaking, etc)
Emissions from an oil
refinery at Mathura
95,000 vehicles pass
through the zone every
day

Most importantly, over

50,000 diesel generators
used to fight endemic power
shortages in the city

All this is
contributing to
aesthetic damage of
the Taj, but the focus
of public intervention
has been on
relocating the small
scale industries!

Impacts of industrial relocation

Shutdown of the small scale industries, as a result
of which millions of workers have lost their jobs
Little impact on air quality as the other sources
have been left out
Health hazards persist because of poor working
conditions
Again a strategy far removed from sustainability
objectives!
How can an IIA help in this case?

IIA under the TBL approach

Impacts-based
(EIA driven)

Objectives-led
(SEA driven)

ex post

ex ante

focus on net
impacts over baseline
conditions

focus on the
best available
option

aim is to minimize
negative TBL
outcomes

aim is to
maximize positive
TBL outcomes

trade-offs between
TBL categories?

Do TBL objectives
reflect sustainability?

INTEGRATION WITH DECISION-MAKING

National Sustainability
Strategies

Macroeconomic Policy &

Budgets (e.g. Norway); Trade
Agreements (e.g. Canada)

Policy Making

Environmental Protection
Policies (e.g. Western
Australia)

Policy Making

Project EIA

g&
n
i
nn
a
l
P

Land Use & Resource

Management
(e.g. UK, New South
Wales); Territorial
Plans (e.g. Hong
Kong)
Municipal &
Community Plans
(e.g. Sweden)
Project Development

Project Development

Site remediation
(e.g. USA)

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Pr

i
m
m
gra

Pla
nn
in

Capital
investments (e.g.
World Bank,
Indonesia)

Ecosystem
Approaches

g&

Pro
g

ram

mi
ng

Sector & Infrastructure

Plans: Waste, Transport,
etc (e.g. Netherlands)

ng

SEA

Environmental
regulation (e.g.
Western Australia)

Indigenous people; Comanagement regimes

(e.g. Canada)

Water policy and management options

Impact on

Environment
Hydrology
Geomorphology
Ecology, etc

Economy
Production
Consumption
Labour market

Evaluation
method

Environmental
Impact
Assessment (EIA)

Economic Impact
Assessment
(CBA)

Social Impact
Assessment
(SIA)

Environmental

Economic

Social

Values &
evaluation
criteria
Assessment
method

Society
Institutions
Networks
Stakeholders

Extended CBA
Multi-criteria Analysis (MCA)

Example of an IA framework (from Brower and van Ek, 2004)

Challenges of IIA
Lack of a generic toolkit
Methodological consistency
Dominance of EIA
Issues relating to multi-disciplinary
cooperation
Inclusive ownership of stakeholders

Let us see mathematical model for

environmental risk assessment in manufacturing
industry
al. 2002) of manufacturing a
Let us(linping
consideret processes
product is divided in to m steps.
In each step some kind of wastes (S1,S2, ,
Sm) is produced.
These wastes have some degree of hazardous
to human or ecosystem health i.e. potential
impact categories (Yk), having weighting
factor k

Finding out the impact scale of various stressors (waste)

Environmental Design for Industry Product

Creation of a data matrix or impact matrix

The element of the impact matrix xik measures the level of the
stressor I contributing to a loss of ecosystem health and human
health integrity based on category k.
It is based on the onsite monitoring data.
Now how xik is fixed ?

How xik is fixed ?

Manufacturing processes generates a set of

wastes S={S1, S2, , Si, ,Sn}
On site monitoring emission of these wastes
can be expressed as
E={E1,E2, , Ei, , En}
Allowed maximum emission standard for the
corresponding wastes is
V={V1,V2, , Vi, , Vn}

The over all environmental risk is

given by
m

EI Yk k
k 1

Thanks