GSM

Global System for

Mobile
Communications

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Contents

Objective
GSM Principles
Cellular Technology
GSM Network
Call Processing
Handoffs
GPRS
EDGE
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MOBILE COMMUNICATION

Any time Anywhere

Mobility & Roaming
High capacity & subs. density
Efficient use of radio spectrum
Seamless Network Architecture
Low cost
Flexibility
Innovative Services
Standard Interfaces
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Public Land Mobile Network

INDIA has adopted GSM standard for
PLMN.
Digital Cellular System.
Operates at 900 MHz.
International Roaming facility.
Power class 0.8 to 20W.
Cell Radius upto 35 Kms.
Maximum mobility speed 250 Km/hr.
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Allocated GSM Frequency Bands

GSM900 :
up: 890~915MHz
down: 935~960MHz
duplex interval: 45MHz
bandwidth: 25MHz
frequency interval: 200KHz
GSM1800 :
up: 1710-1785MHz
down: 1805-1880MHz
duplex interval: 95MHz
working bandwidth: 75MHz
frequency interval: 200KHz

EGSM900 :
up: 880~890MHz
down: 925~935MHz
duplex interval: 45MHz
bandwidth: 10MHz
frequency interval: 200KHz
GSM1900MHz:
up:1850~1910MHz
down:1930~1990MHz
duplex interval: 80MHz
working bandwidth: 60MHz
frequency interval: 200KHz

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BANDWIDTH MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

FDMA
TDMA
Cellular Technology &
Frequency Re-use Scheme

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FDMA
Frequency Division Multiple
Access Scheme
Uplink Frequency Band = (890 915) MHz
Downlink Frequency Band = (935 960) MHz
Absolute Radio Freq Carrier Number
(ARFCN)
Bandwidth = 915 890 or 960 935
= 25 MHz
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GSM-FDMA
890

915

25 MHz
1

890.4 890.6

200 kHz

45MHz

960

25 MHz
1

Mobile to Base
890.2

935

Base to Mobile
(MHz)

935.2

935.4

935.6

200 kHz

Channel layout and frequency bands of operation

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TDMA

Time Division Multiple Access Scheme

One Radio Frequency = Eight Time Slots
One TDMA Frame = Eight Time Slots
One Time Slot = One Physical Channel
One Time Slot Duration = 0.577 m.sec

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GSM-TDMA
Amplitude

45 MHz

F1
(Cell Rx)

5 6

7 8

F2

5 6

7 8

Frequency

F1
F2
(Cell transmit)

Typical TDMA/ FDMA frame structure

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Cellular Technology
Cell
Site
Cluster

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CELL
A base station (transmitter) having a number of RF channels
is called a cell.
Each cell covers a a limited number of mobile subscribers
within the cell boundaries ( Coverage area)
Typical Cell Radius Aprrox = 30 Km (Start up), 1 Km
(Mature).
Types of Cells
OMNI CELLS
SECTOR CELLS
- Two Sector Cells
-

Three Sector Cells

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Fundamental problems
Radio range, or coverage
no. of channels, or voice circuits
Full, seamless service coverage
Large no. of subscribers in the
range of millions

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CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

GIVEN FREQ.
RESOURCE

7
1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

A CLUSTER OF CELLS
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CO-CHL INTERFERENCE
:Interference caused by another cell/mobile using the
same frequency
Co Chl Interference is
a Function of Q
the re-use ratio:
D
Q =D / R
R

Higher Q

Reduced Co-Chl Interference

Lower Q

Increased Co-Chl Interference

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CLASSIFICATION OF CELLS
MICRO CELL
MACRO CELL
UMBRELLA CELL

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GSM subsystems
1. Network Subsystem includes the equipments
and functions related to end-to-end call.
2. Radio Subsystem includes the equipments and
functions related to the management of the
connections on the radio path.
3.

Operations and Maintenance subsystem

includes the operation and maintenance of
GSM equipment for the radio and network
interface.
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Network Architecture
1 MSC=16 BSC, 1 BSC=1024 TRU
OSS

HLR

B
T
S

PSTN
ISDN
B
T
S

BSC
BSC

MSC VLR

A Interface
B
T
S

Air interface

Data
Networks

A-bis interface
MSC VLR

HYDERABAD
BSC:BASE STATION CONTROLLER, BTS: BASER.T.T.C.
TRANSRECEIVER
STATION, OSS: OPERATION AND SUPPORT
SUBSYSTEM.ss

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GSM Network Structure

GSM Service Area: Total area served by the
combination of all member countries where a
mobile can be served.
PLMN Service Area:It is one N/W area.
MSC Service Area:There can many MSC/VLR in one
PLMN area.It is one Mobile Exch. Area.
Location Area: A LA is a part of the MSC/VLR
service area in which a MS may move freely
without updating location information to the
MSC/VLR exchange that control the LA.
Cells
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GSM PLMN Service Area

II

II
MSC

MSC
MSC

VLR
VLR
MSC
II
I

VLR

IV
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GSM MSC Service Area

LA2
LA1

VLR
MSC

LA4
LA5

LA3

LA6

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GSM Cells

LA2
LA3
LA1
VLR
LA4
MSC
LA5

C1
C6

LA6
C3
C2
C5

C4
C=CELL

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GSM--Relation between areas in GSM

CellArea
Location
Area served by a BTS
Location Area
MSC Service Area
PLMN Service Area
GSM Service Area

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Call Processing

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Mobile Originated Call- MO Call

SETUP PHASE
RINGING PHASE
CONVERSATION PHASE
RELEASE PHASE

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Mobile To Land Call Set-up Scenario

SETUP PHASE
- REQUEST FOR SERVICE ( CHANNEL ) BY MS
- CM SERVICE REQUEST
- AUTHENTICATION
- CIPHERING
- EQUIPMENT VALIDATION ( EIR CHECK )
- SETUP MESSAGE
- VALIDATION AT VLR
- ASSIGNMENT

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Mobile To Land Call Set-up Scenario

Call Setup message
MSC/VLR
Release Complete
message to MS

Is the requested basic service

No

provisioned for the subscriber ?

Yes

Release Complete
message to MS

Preliminary Digit Analysis

Yes

Is the number of digits less than the

minimum expected?
No

1. Check of ODB( BAOC/BOIC/ BOIC Ex HC )

2. Subscriber call barring checks(BAOC/BOIC etc. )

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ASSIGNM
ENT

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Mobile Terminating - MT Call

Routing Analysis
Paging
Authentication
Ciphering
Call-Setup
Call Release
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Handover
Hard Handover Break before make
Soft Handover make before break
Softer Handover

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Handovers

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GSM Evolution
2G

2.5G

GSM

GPRS

GSM
200 KHz carrier
8 full-rate time slots
16 half-rate time slots

3G

EDGE

GPRS
200 KHz carrier
115 Kbps peak data
rates

UMTS

UMTS
EDGE
5 MHz carrier
200 KHz carrier
Data rates up to 384 Kbps 2 Mbps peak data rates
New IMT-2000 2 GHz spectrum
8-PSK modulation
Higher symbol rate

HSCSD
HSCSD
Circuit-switched data
64 Kbps peak data rates

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MAIN ADVANTAGES FOR OPERATORS

More Revenue :
By providing more than a mobile connection.
Also operator can charge on the basis of type and amount of
content accessed.

Huge Potential Market for Data Sevices :

Mobile Phone and Internet, both are fastest growing
technologies and GPRS is the merger of two.

Fast Roll-out and Continuous Network Expansion :

GPRS is an integral part of GSM.

GPRS uses excess voice capacity for data :

GPRS Packets are transmitted in short, free periods between
busy hour calls.
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2.5G-GPRS Vs 2G-GSM
2.5G GPRS (GSM Advanced)
SUPPORTS BOTH CKT.
SWITCHED as well as packet
switched service.

2G-GSM
Only circuit
switched.

MS Utilizes Automatic retransmission No re-transmission

(ARQ) at data link layer to re-transmit is provided.
error frames.
Multiple time slots can be allotted to a
single user

Single time slot per

user.

One time slot can be allotted to several

users.

Single time slot per

user.

Charging/ billing more complex

(Volume based, Q.O.S. based)

Simple
billing.

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time-based
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GPRS Network
MSC/
VLR

HLR

SMSGMSC

EIR

Signalling and data

Gr

Gs

Gd

Gf

Signalling

SGSN

BSC

Gb

Air (Um)

Gn

Gn

GGSN

GGSN

Gp

External
packet
network

Gi

Inter-PLMN
GPRS
Backbone

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EDGE
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution

GPRS = General Packet Radio

System
EGPRS = GPRS + EDGE modulation

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TYPICAL GPRS SERVICES

* Communications-

E-mail, fax,
intranet/ internet access.

* Value added services -

Information services, games,

e-commerce.

* Location-based
applications -

Navigation, traffic conditions,

airline/rail schedule, location finder.

* Vertical applications -

Freight delivery, fleet management,

sales-force automation

* Location sensitive
Advertising -

A user nearing a cinema hall or

a restaurant receives flashes of
advertisement
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Mobile VAS
VAS
VAS categories
categories

Entertainment
Entertainment
Entertainment VAS is
designed for mass
appeal and extensive
usage.
These provide
entertainment for leisure
time usage
E.g. Jokes, Bollywood
ringtones, games, etc.

Information
Information
Information VAS
provides useful
information to the end
user
User interest comes in
from the personal
component of the content
E.g. News alerts, travel
information, ticket
information, etc.

mCommerce
mCommerce
mCommerce allow the
use to conduct a
transaction using the
mobile phone.
Currently in a nascent
stage
E.g. banking
applications from
Barclays, ICICI bank and
payment platform from
paymate, obopay, etc.

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VALUE ADDED SERVICES

Very high speed downloads
IPTV
Quicker MMS
Video call
Streaming Applications Youtube, etc.
Corporate Intranet connections
Vertical corporate applications Video
Conference, Remote presentations
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MMS

Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)

Message of Text, Sound, Image, Video etc

Graphs, Tables, Diagram , Maps etc

Phone 2 Phone
Phone 2 e-mail
e-mail 2 Phone

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Mobile TV allows the user to view TV

channels on the mobile
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The content services include

the following:
Full movie /music download
Live news & sport updates
Interactive games
Video streaming
Wallpapers and
Tone downloads

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BSNL offers Live IPTV as well as a wide range of exciting VAS

Products & Services

BSNL Live WAP Portal

Video-on-Demand

Full movie downloads

Full-track music downloads

Multiplayer gaming

Live TV

3G-Training deck-v21.ppt

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This has happened:

This is happening now:

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Mobile Broadband signifies

High speed
Wireless access

Access devices like a portable

laptop or a mobile handset are
typically used.
3G gives the user the
flexibility to access high speed
internet any time anywhere.
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Video Call
With the deployment
of 3G,Video call
service will put BSNL
on clear cut
advantageous position
with respect to its
competitors

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Video Call

A girl in a city looking and talking to her

mother ,living in a rural area, through 3G
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Thank You

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