Development of a Bicycle

Simulation Model to Study the

Evolution of the Roll Center
Ride Height and the Slip Angle
in a Steady State Cornering
Condition, on a Formula 4
CHATREAUX Clment
Single-seater
Race Car
14/01/14
Supervisors: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Dipl.-Math. Michael
Gipser
1
M. Stephen Cosgrove

PLAN

S1: Title
S2: Plan
S3: Company Location & History
S4: Company History
S5: The F4 Car
S6 - 11: F4 Technical Specification
S12: Barcelona Circuit
S13: Car Data
S14: Data Analysis
S15: Set Up F4 Excel
S16 18: Project Motivation
S19: Simulation Choice
S 20 - 24: Half Car Model
S 25: Matlab/Simulink Simulation
S26: Future Work
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COMPANY LOCATION
&
HISTORY
Location:
Lyss Canton of
Bern.
Esslingen Lyss:
320 380 kms.
History:
Swiss Auto racing
team for singleseater cars.
Created in 1993
by Andreas Jenzer
(Former Formula
Ford 1600 Driver).
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COMPANY HISTORY

Series Raced:
Formula Ford 1800 Swiss Championship: 1993-2000
International Championships: 1995-2000
Formula Renault 2.0 Swiss Championships: 2007-2010
International Championships: 2000-2013
Formula Abarth (F4 Italy) : 2010-2014
Formula Renault V6 : 2003 2004
Formula Renault 3.5: 2005-2006
International Formula Master: 2007-2009
GP3 Series: 2010-2014
Series to be raced in 2015:
Italian & German F4 / GP3 Series
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THE F4 CAR

Formula Abarth (F4 Italy & Germany):

International drivers between 15 & 18 years old (2014 regulation)

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F4 TECH SPECS

General Information:
Wheel base: 2.75 m
Length/Width/Height: 4.35/1.75/0.95 m
Minimum Legal Weight with Driver: 555 kg
Max Speed: 230 km/h
Max RPM: 6400 rpm
Total Price: 47 500 euros

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F4 TECH SPECS

Chassis & Bodywork:

Tatuus Monocoque Carbon
Front & Rear Carbon Crashboxes
Carbon/Composite Bodywork

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F4 TECH SPECS

Engine:
1.4 L Fiat Abarth Turbocharged
Engine with ECU
Max Power/Torque: 160 HP/235
N.m

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F4 TECH SPECS

Front Suspensions:
Double Wishbone with Pushrods
Double Springs/Shock Absorbers
Bump & Rebound Adjustable
Toe & Camber Adjustable

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F4 TECH SPECS

Rear Suspensions:

Same as Front
+ Roll Center & Anti-Squat
Adjustable

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F4 TECH SPECS

Transmission & Wheels:

Sequential 6 speeds Gearbox

with Paddleshift
13 Aluminum Rims with Centre
Bolt

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11

BARCELONA CIRCUIT

Location: Montmel, Catalonia, Spain

Track Length: 4,665 km
Corner 4 to Simulate:
Entry Speed: 202 km/h
Entry Gear: 5 th
Entry RPM: 6000 rpm
Apex Speed: 125 km/h
Apex Gear: 4 th
Apex RPM: 4500 rpm

To brake and take an

early apex before carrying
lots of speed out of the exit
-

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CAR DATA

Data Logger: AIM Evo 4

Car Available Channels:

Gear (1 sensor)
Steering angle (1 sensor)
Lap timer/trigger (1 sensor)
Acceleration (1 tri-axial sensor)
Wheels speeds front (2 sensors)
Brake pressure front/rear (2 sensors)
Throttle pedal or valve (1 sensor)

Analysis Software: Race Studio 2 Analysis v2.54.02

To download & process data from AIM data logger.
To see how your vehicle, engine and driver perform.
(Plot vs. Time or Distance, XY Plot, Track Map Tool, Histograms
Graphs, Split Time or Distance Report, Engine Analysis, etc)
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DATA ANALYSIS

Analysis Example with Race Studio Analysis:

Cursor on Barcelona Corner 4
Obtaining data for the Driver Model to simulate

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SET UP

Excel File for F4 Setup: Comparison of 2 Set Up

Obtaining Different Values for Geometric Motion, Aero &

Tires, .

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PROJECT MOTIVATION

Tires = components that constructors/teams:

Dont produce
- Cannot really alter
=> To understand for Better
Performances
- Have very little control on
-

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PROJECT MOTIVATION

Tires Slip: Caused by deformation of the carcass

and tread

Affects the handling of the car & determines behaviour

Adjusted through F & R lateral load transfer (with RC
height, ARB)

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PROJECT MOTIVATION

Roll Center (RC) Height:

Centrifugal force => push car outside corner=> car rolls

outside corner.
- Roll axis closer to CoG => less chassis roll corner
- One of the most powerful car adjustment => immediate
effect on a cars handling.
Whereas ARB, shocks and springs: car rolling before they
act
-

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SIMULATING CHOICE

Choice of Models:

Modelling = simplified abstract view of complex reality.

- Choice of Models with evolving complexity.
=> Can be tested, validated & optimized as design process
goes along.
-

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HALF CAR MODEL

Lateral Model:

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HALF CAR MODEL

Longitudinal Model: Aero Forces

Drag Force

Side Force

Lift Force

Pitching Moment
Z

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HALF CAR MODEL

Longitudinal Model: Vehicle Dynamics

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HALF CAR MODEL

Quarter Car Vertical Model (Front/Rear):

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HALF CAR MODEL

Vertical Model (Coupling 2 Quarter Car Models):

Modification Sprung Mass Equation
L
Z

Zc

Ksr
Zw
r
Zrr Kusr

Ksf

Csr

Csf

Zwf

Mwf

Mwr
Cusr

Zrf

Kusf

Cusf

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CURRENT SIMULINK

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FUTURE WORK
-

Improve Lateral Model Because Only Valid Until 0.4g

(Corner Stiffness Coefficients)
Engine Model to Implement
Road Model to Improve (track = very smooth)
Tire Pacejka Model (Non Linearity) to Implement
Steering and Throttle to Enter from Data Logged Values
Bump/Rebound Limits of Springs/Dampers
Obtain or Estimate & Compare Constants like Tire Stiffness,
Tire Load Sensitivity,
Include Non Linearity
Driveline/Steering Flexibility
Height of Roll Center (Not Full Vehicle Model)

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Thank you for your attention!

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VIDEO

Video System: Smarty Cam GP HD

Full Track Best Lap: 148037

4th Corner: 030 044

Video
Barcelona
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