AFRICA

Africa

Introduction to Africa
The continent of Africa is the world's second largest
continent after Asia, with a total surface area,
including several surrounding islands of 30,313,000
square kilometres. It stretches from 40 degrees
latitude in the north to 34 35' degrees south and has
54 independent countries - 48 mainland and 6 island
states - with an estimated total population of 700
million.

Environment-Climate
The climate of Africa ranges from tropical to subarctic
on its highest peaks. Its northern half is primarily desert
or arid, while its central and southern areas contain both
savanna plains and very dense jungle (rainforest)
regions. In between, there is a convergence where
vegetation patterns such as sahel, and steppe dominate.
Africa is the hottest continent on earth; drylands and
deserts comprise 60% of the entire land surface. The
record for the highest temperature recorded was set in
Libya in 1922 (58 C)

Economy
Although it has abundant natural resources, Africa remains the
world's poorest and most underdeveloped continent. The result of a
variety of causes includes:
Spread of deadly diseases
Corrupt governments that have often committed serious human
rights violations
Failed central planning
High levels of illiteracy
Lack of access to foreign capital, and frequent tribal and military
conflict
According to the United Nations' Human Development Report in
2003, the bottom 25 ranked nations (151st to 175th) were all African.

Living conditions
Poverty
Illiteracy
Malnutrition
Inadequate water supply and sanitation,
Poor health
These are a few factors that affects a large
proportion of the people who reside in the
African continent

Recreational Activity
At time people engage in games or activities that are indigenous
to their region.
Wrestling
Running and jumping events
Games of fantasy and games of imitation (where children
pretend adult roles)
Dance competitions

Examples of recreational activities

Wrestling match, Zinder region, Niger. @

Africa Focus, University of WisconsinMadison
Young woman participation in a jumping competition,
rural Sierra Leone. @ Africa Focus, University of
Wisconsin-Madison

Main occupation
Africa is a place blessed with so many minerals. In this sense, the highest Labour
force in Africa falls in trading. However, at present, Africans have transitioned into
other types of occupation such as the lumber work, agriculture, mining, jewellery
making, computer work, civil and legal fields.
Viticulture: This occupation is carryout in north central of western part of
Africa(Nigeria),in perspective. That region support fruit growth such as, grape,
tomatoes, okra, orange.

Lumbering: Lumbering occupation play a vital role on holding up the economy

bounce down in southern part of West Africa (Ivory Coast). These regions are
located at the rainforest zone, because the region to have continuous rain fall and
tall tree with massive root base. Lumbering is said to be act of cutting of economic
tree for building furniture. In Ivory Coast, it is use for the building of canoe and
craftworks.

At work:

Food
Pap (a type of porridge) made from grounded maize.
Chicken
Marog-mixed-with peanuts,
Sweet potatoes, corn- on -the- cob,
Mopane worms,
Pumpkin
Bugs (high in protein and can be found anywhere)
Bush meat (Monkeys)
They eat what they can find, because they can grow a lot of these
foods themselves, as they are far away from shops and do not
have the money to buy.

Lifestyles of children
Absence of toilets (60 of children in slums have no toilets or pit latrines)
Absence of clean drinking water (water costs money and is carried in jerry cans
which often develop mold and mildew and often lack a closure)
Absence of proper hygiene due lack of water
Absence of schooling due to lack of money in the family even though education in
countries such as Uganda is free for primary education, it costs money for many
other things (67% of girls drop out of primary school in Uganda and 38% of boys do
the same.)
Life is simply hard for children since most families earn very little and in slums unemployment exceeds 60% or more, so parents or guardians have little money for the
children, their education, clothing, shoes, housing, food .

Child
Labour in
Africa

What is child Labour?

refers to the employment of
children in any work that
deprives children of their
childhood, interferes with their
ability to attend regular school,
and that is mentally, physically,
socially or morally dangerous
and harmful.

Why did child labour happen?

Poverty and unemployment
levels are high.
Access to compulsory and
free education is limited.
Existing laws or codes of
conduct are often violated.

Who cause child labour

The rich who needs workersCocoa bean production
The farmers people to fertilise
the crop and harvest it.
The Chinese companies- to mine
for copper and cobalt.
International companiesdiamond, salt, gold ore, gems
mining

How do they get the children?

The Children are acquired by illegal means
by:

child trafficking
They are also either

forced by parents

sold

Types of child labour

slavery,
debt bondage,
prostitution,
forced recruitment of children for use in
armed conflict,
drug trafficking and other illicit activities.

Where do children work?

On the land
In households
In factories
Outdoor industry
In bars, restaurants and tourist establishments
In sexual exploitation
As soldiers

Acknowledgement
http://senweb.lr.k12.nj.us/Library/class
%20projects/Stapleford/Children45/Child
%20Labor%20Donna.htm
http://www.childinfo.org/labour_education.htm
http://www.childinfo.org/labour_education.htm\
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour_in_Afri
ca
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_in_cocoa_p
roduction

Poverty
In Africa, poverty is common.
Therefore, parents sell their children
for money. This leads to :
1.Child slavery
2.Child Prostitution

Child Slavery
Child slavery is the
slavery of girls and
boys under 18
years of age.

What happens?

The children are kidnapped or

purchased for $20 $70 each by
slavers in poorer states, such as
Benin and Togo
They are sold into slavery in as
unpaid domestic servants for
$350.00 each in wealthier oil-rich
states, such as Nigeria and Gabon.

Statistics

Africa has the greatest number of

economically active children: 41% of
children in the continent are at work.
In Rwanda, there are an estimated
400,000 child workers. Of these,
120,000 are thought to be involved
in the worst forms of child labour and
60,000 are child domestic worker.

Child
Prostitution

Child prostitution
Prostitution in Africa is illegal in most
countries. Nevertheless, it is
frequently common in practice,
driven by the widespread poverty in
many sub-Saharan African countries.

Child prostitution

Girls aged 12 to 17 are the most common targets

who are forced to sell sex.
Once they are recruited, girls are used to bring in
their sisters and friends. Gangs trade in girls,
exchanging them for money.
Parents - typically unemployed with dysfunctional
relationships and "unsuited to caregiving" - are
forcing their children to sell sex from home.
South Africa has no laws against child
prostitution, although it is illegal to have sex with
a child under the age of 16 and to abduct or kidnap
a child

Humanitarian Aid
There are several organisations that
render aid to victims of child labour:
International Labour Organisation.
ANTI-SLAVERY INTERNATIONAL

How do they help?

Supporting research to assess the scale of

slavery in order to identify measures to end
it
Working with local organisations to raise
public awareness of slavery
Educating the public about the realities of
slavery and campaigning for its end.
Lobbying governments and
intergovernmental agencies to make slavery
a priority issue and to develop and
implement plans to eliminate slavery

How can we help?

donations
participating in
campaigns
against child
labour
raise funds

Video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
sGSzv-lVCb0
(1.35)

Acknowledgements

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitu
tion_in_Africa

http://www.antislavery.org/english
/what_we_do/antislavery_internatio
nal_today/antislavery_internationa
l_today.aspx

By Callista, Jessie, Eunice,

Hui Fang, Angela, Chloe,
Jing Ting