AE 1350

Lecture Notes #6

We have studied...
Meaning of Incompressible Flow
How and why speed of the flow affects
compressibility
Streamlines and stream tubes
Continuity Equation

Topics to be studied
Conservation of Momentum
Eulers equation

Conservation of Energy
Bernoullis equation (even though Euler
thought of it first.)

Practical Applications of Bernoullis

Equation

Continuity
Mass Flow Rate In = Mass Flow Rate Out
1 V1 A1 = 2 V2 A2

Station 1
Density 1
Velocity V1
Area A1

Station 2
Density 2
Velocity V2
Area A2

Momentum Equation
Based on Newtons Second Law:
Rate of Change of Momentum of a particle= Forces acting on it
Consider an infinitesimally small slice of stream tube in space.

Rate of change of momentum of the fluid particles within this

stream tube must be due to forces acting on it.

Momentum Equation (Contd..)

Mass Flow Rate in = Mass Flow rate out
VA = (+d)(V+dV)(A+dA)
Density
velocity V
Area =A
Momentum rate in=
Mass flow rate times velocity
= V2A

Density d
velocity V+dV
Area =A+dA
Momentum Rate out=
Mass flow rate times velocity
= VA (V+dV)

Momentum Equation (Contd..)

Density
velocity V
Area =A

Momentum rate in=

Mass flow rate times velocity
= V2A

Density d
velocity V+dV
Area =A+dA
Momentum Rate out=
Mass flow rate times velocity
= VA (V+dV)

Rate of change of momentum within this element =

Momentum rate out - Momentum rate in
= VA (V+dV) - V2A = VA dV

Momentum Equation (Contd..)

Density
velocity V
Area =A

Density d
velocity V+dV
Area =A+dA

Rate of change of momentum as fluid particles

flow through this element= VA dV
By Newtons law, this momentum change must be caused by
forces acting on this stream tube.

Forces acting on the Stream tube

Horizontal Force = Pressure times area of the ring=(p+dp/2)dA

(p+dp)(A+dA)
Pressure
times
area=pA

Area of this ring = dA

Net force = pA + (p+dp/2)dA-(p+dp)(A+dA)=- Adp - dp dA/2-Adp

Product of two
small numbers

Momentum Equation
From the previous slides,
Rate of change of momentum when fluid particles flow
through the stream tube = AVdV
Forces acting on the stream tube = -Adp
We have neglected all other forces - viscous, gravity, electrical
and magnetic forces.
Equating the two factors, we get:

VdV+dp=0

This equation is called the Eulers Equation

Bernoullis Equation
Euler equation:

VdV + dp = 0

For incompressible flows, this equation may be integrated:

VdV dp 0
Or ,
1
V 2 p Const
2

Bernoullis
Equation

Kinetic Energy + Pressure Energy = Constant

Applications of Bernoullis
Equation
See examples 4.1 through 4.3 in the text.
We will do more worked out examples at
our next lecture.
Important Applications include:
Pitot Tube
Venturi Meter
Flow over airfoils

Pitot tubes are used on aircraft as a speedometer.

The Venturi Meter

It is used to measure Flow rates. Gas companies, Water works,
and aircraft fuel monitors all use this device.

How does the Venturi Meter work?

1V1 A1 2V2 A2
Incompressible _ Flow : 1 2
Thus,
V1 A2

V2 A1
1
1
2
2
Bernoulli : p1 V1 p2 V2
2
2

1
1
V12 V22 p2 p1
2
2
V22
2 p2 p1
2
V1 1 2
V1

A12
2 p2 p1
V 1 2
A2

Solve for V1 :
2
1

V1

2 p2 p1

A12
1 2
A2

Compute flow rate :

Flow _ rate V1 A1

Thats all folks!!!