EAA 455/2 Reinforced Concrete Structural

Design II

Pile design
Tutorial
Eng. Majed Aldahdooh

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Topic 3: Steps in pile

cap design

Check the Column load criteria b(separate DL and LL or Total).

Get the ultimate load using appropriate factor.
Outline pile cap dimension, assume suitable depth.
Check punching around column perimeter and its limit.
Select analytical approach for tension reinforcement design:
a)
b)

Truss Analogy .
Bending theory.

6) Design for Tension ( moment reinforcement).

7) If bending theory is used , so the method to get the reinforcement is
similar to beam design.
8) Check shear requirement at critical section.
9) Enhanced shear (if necessary).
10)Check clause 3.11.4.4 if the pile spacing is more than 3 x pile size.
11)If the pile spacing more than 3 x pile size, check punching at required
perimeter.
12)Provide detailing following appropriate clauses in BS 8110.

Example 1: Using Truss

Theory

Given:

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Column load ( service)= 1900kN

Assumed self weight of pile cap= 50kN
Allowable pile working load = 640kN
Pile size =350mm Class A spun pile.
Pile spacing = 3x pile diameter.

f) fcu (pile cape) = 35N/m

g)
h)
i)
j)

Pile embedded length =75mm

clear edge distance = 150 mm
Column size= 300mm x 300mm
Main rebar = 20mm

Required:
1) Design and provide full detailing of a pile cap.

Solution:
1) Pile group size = = = 3.05
so use 3 PG arrangement
2) Ultimate load on pile cap, N = x Factor = 1900 x 1.5 = 2850 kN
3) Pile spacing, L = 3 x pile size = 350 x3 = 1050 mm
Note : To select a pile cap size for a start, use d 12 , where d is the pile cap effective
depth, ( this note not from code but it from experience).
4)
5)
6)
7)

Try pile cap thickness = 700 mm`

Effective depth, d = 700 75 20 -10 = 595 mm.
Column perimeter = 300 x 4= 1200mm
Punching around column perimeter = =
= 3.99 N/m< 4.73 N/m

8) Tension force , T =

9) Area of steel , As = = = 1279 m

10) Provide
= 5T20/band

= 1570 m

11) Note : To Calculate the As (min)

1) As (min) = 0.15 x b x h, for high tensile bar where h is the pile cap thickness,
and b is the width of pile cap. (recommended by reynolds).
2) As (min) = 0.13 x b x h, as in T.j. MacGinley. C.G. of pile cap must coincide
with C.G. of column ( in almost all cases especially for 3PG).
12) Check As (min) = .13 x b x h/100 = 0.13 x 1700 x 700/100 =1547 m
13) 100 x 1570/(1700 x 595) = 0.155
14) Max shear , V max = (N/ number of piles) x 2 = (2850/3) x 2= 1900kN
15) v = V max/(bd) = (1900 x 1000)/ (1700 x 595) = 1.878 N/m
16) design shear stress , vc = (0.79 x () x ()) / 1.25
= 0.79 x x /1.25 = 0.380 N/m
vc vOK
Enhanced shear ( Pile spacing not more than 3 x pile diameter)
16) Column size = 300 x 300 mm square
17) av = 300 150 -175 + (350/5) = 45mm
18) Enhanced shear = vc x 2 x d / av = 0.380 x 2 x 595/ 45 = 10.05 , but limit to 4.73 v ,
1.878 .OK
NO further check on punching shear is required because the pile spacing is not more than 3x
pile diameter .

Detailing :

Example 2: Using Truss

Theory
Given:

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

Column load ( DL)= 1600kN

Column load ( LL)= 850kN
Assumed self weight of pile cap= 100kN
Allowable pile working load = 640kN
Pile size =300 x 300 square
Pile spacing = 3x pile diameter.

g) fcu (pile cape) = 35N/m

h)
i)
j)
k)

Pile embedded length =75mm

Clear edge distance = 150mm
Column size= 300mm x 300mm
Main rebar = 20mm

Required:
1) Design and provide full detailing of a pile cap.

Solution:
1) Pile group size = = = 3.98
so use 4 PG arrangement
2) Ultimate load on pile cap, N = = 1600 x 1.4+(850 x1.6) = 3600kN
3) Pile spacing, L = 3 x pile size = 300 x3 = 900 mm
Note : To select a pile cap size for a start, use d 12 , where d is the pile cap effective
depth, ( this note not from code but it from experience).
4) Try pile cap thickness = 800 mm`
5) Effective depth 1, d1 = 800 75 -10 = 715mm.
6) Effective depth 2, d2 = 800 75 20 -10 = 695mm.
7) Use the effective depth = 695mm (conservative). You can use d = (d1+d2)/2
(average).
8) Column perimeter = 300 x 4= 1200mm
9) Punching around column perimeter = =
= 4.32N/m< 4.73 N/m . ok
8) Tension force , T =

9) Area of steel , As = = = 1334m = 5T20/band

10) Provide
= 10T20/width
= 1570 m

11) Check As (min)

= .13 x b x h/100 = 0.13 x 1500x 800/100 =1560m

12) 100 x 3140/(1500x 695) = 0.301

13) Max shear , V max = (N/ number of piles) x 2 = (3600/4) x 2= 1800kN
14) v = V max/(bd) = (1800x 1000)/ (1500x 695) = 1.73N/m
15) design shear stress , vc = (0.79 x () x ()) / 1.25
= 0.79 x x /1.25 = 0.473N/m
vc vOK

Enhanced shear
16) Column size = 300 x 300 mm square
17) av = (dis. Of pile center center)- Clear edge distance Column width/2 + pile
diameter/5=450 150 -150 + (300/5) = 210mm
18) Enhanced shear = vc x 2 x d / av = 0.473 x 2 x 695/ 210= 3.131 .OK
NO further check on punching shear is required because the pile spacing is not more than 3x
pile diameter .

Detailing :

Example 3: Bending Theory

Given:

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Column load ( DL)= 2800kN

Column load ( LL)= 1200kN
Allowable pile working load = 750kN
Pile size =300 x 300 square
Pile spacing = 3x pile diameter.

f) fcu (pile cape) = 35N/m

g) Pile embedded length =75mm
h) Clear edge distance = 150mm
i) Column size= 400 mm x 600mm

Required:
1) Design and provide full detailing of a pile cap.

Solution:
1) Pile cap s/w (assuming 6 PG) = volume cap x = 2.4 x 1.5 x1 x 24 =86 kN
2) Pile group size = =

= 5.448

so use 6 PG arrangement
2) Ultimate load on pile cap, N = = 2800 x 1.4+(1200x1.6) = 5840kN
3) Ultimate force per pile, F ult = 5840/6 = 974 kN
4) Pile spacing, L = 3 x pile size = 300 x3 = 900 mm
Note : To select a pile cap size for a start, use d 12 , where d is the pile cap effective depth,
( this note not from code but it from experience).
4) Try pile cap thickness = 1000 mm
5) Assume bar size = 25mm
6) Effective depth 1, d1, dx = 1000 75 (25/2) = 912mm.
7) Effective depth 2, d2, dy = 1000 75 25 (25/2) = 887mm.
8) Use the effective depth = 887mm (conservative). You can use d = (d1+d2)/2 (average).
9) Column perimeter = (400+600) x 2= 2000mm
10) Punching around column perimeter =

= 3.29N/m< 4.73 N/m . ok

Moment Design
11)Mxx = Number of pile x Fult x distance ( center of pile to center
of column) = 2 x 974 x 0.9 = 1753 kNm
12)Myy = 3x 974 x 0.45 = 1315 kNm
First : ( X- direction )
13)K = Mxx/(fcu x b x ) = 1753 x /(35 x 1500 x )= 0.04
14)Z = .95dx = 866 mm
15)As =Mxx/(0.95 x fy x z)= 1753 /(0.95 x 460 x 866)= 4632 m
16)Provide =10T25

= 4910 m

17)Assume thickness of cape = 1000mm

18)As min = 0.13 x b x h/100 = 0.13 x 1500 x 1000/100 = 1950 m
19) 100 x 4910/(1500x 912) = 0.3589
Second : ( y- direction )
20) Myy = 1315kNm
21)K = Myy/(fcu x b x ) = 1315 x /(35 x 2400 x )= 0.019

22)Z = .95dy = 842 mm

23)As =Myy/(0.95 x fy x z)= 1315 /(0.95 x 460 x842)= 3574 m
24)Provide =12 T20

= 3768 m

25)Assume thickness of cape = 1000mm

26)As min = 0.13 x bx h = 0.13 x 2400x 1000/100 = 3120 m
27) 100 x 3768/(2400 x 887) = 0.177
Shear Design
First : ( X- direction )
28) V xx, max = Number of pile x Fult= 2 x 974= 1948 kN
29) v xx = Vxx,max/(bdx) = 1948X1000/(1500 x 912) =1.453 N/ m
30) design shear stress , vc xx = (0.79 x () x ()) / 1.25
= 0.79 x x /1.25 = 0.502N/m
vc vOK

31) Column size = 400 x 600 mm square

32) av = (d-pile center center)- Clear edge distance Column width/2 + pile
diameter/5=900 (600/2) -150 + (300/5) = 510mm
16) Enhanced shear = vc x 2 x d / av = 0.502 x 2 x 912 /510= 11 .OK
Second : ( y- direction )
28)Vyy, max = Number of pile x Fult = 3 x 974= 2922kN
29) v yy= Vyy,max/(bdy) = 2922X1000/(2400x 887) =1.37 N/ m
30) design shear stress , vcyy= (0.79 x () x ()) / 1.25
= 0.79 x x /1.25 = 0.397N/m
vc vOK
33) Column size = 400 x 600 mm square
34) av = (dis. of pile center center)- Clear edge distance Column width/2 + pile
diameter/5= 450 (400/2) -150 + (300/5) = 160mm
35) Enhanced shear = vc x 2 x d / av = 0.397x 2 x 887/160= 4.4011 .OK

Full anchorage = 38 x bar diameter= 38 x 25 = 950 mm

Projection of bar beyond centerline of pile =150+150-50 ( assume cover) = 250mm
Bent up = 1000-50-75=875mm
Total anchorage =875+250=1125 > 950mm
Design is satisfactory.

Detailing :