TeraData DataBase

TeraData Database
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Data Marts
A data mart (DM) is the access layer of the Dataware

House(DW) environment that is used to get data out to the
users. The DM is a subset of the DW, usually oriented to a
specific business line or team.
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Data marts are often categorized into three different types:
Independent data marts

Dependent data marts:
Logical data marts
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Independent data marts:
Independent data marts are isolated entities, entirely

separate from the Enterprise Dataware House.
An independent data mart has neither a relationship with the
enterprise data warehouse nor with any other data mart.
These independent data marts are sometimes referred to as data
basements.
Teradata strongly discourages their use.
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Dependent Data Marts

Dependent data marts are derived from the enterprise data
warehouse.
Dependent data marts can be built in one of two ways:
Where a user can access both the data mart and
complete data warehouse, depending on need, (or)
the
Where access is limited exclusively to the data mart.

The latter approach is deprecated and the type of data mart it
produces is sometimes referred to as a data junkyard
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Logical Data Marts

The logical mart is a form of dependent data mart that is
constructed virtually from the physical data warehouse.
Data is presented to users of the mart using a series of
SQL views that make it appear that a physical data mart
underlies the data available for analysis.
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Advantages of Logical Data Marts

Facilitates to design multiple user or department specific
virtual data marts, that provide the same sort of highly
tailored information a physical data mart would without the
need for massive data loads, cleansing, and other necessary
transformations.
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Pictorial Representation:
OPERATIONAL DATA STORE
DATAWARE
HOUSE
INDEPENDEN
T DATA MART
LOGICAL
DATA MART
DEPENDENT
DATA MART
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DEPENDEN
T DATA
MART
Customer Relationship Management (CRM):
Teradata Customer Management provides more relevant conversations

with your customers, which lead to more profitable, satisfying and
longer-lasting relationships by harnessing a powerful combination of
advanced analytics and marketing communication features.
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Features of CRM:
CRM offers these critical components of marketing

effectiveness :
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Campaign Management
Marketing Resource Management
Offer Management
Active Analytics
Integrated Web Intelligence
Interaction Management
Communication Management
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Teradata Database
What is Teradata Database ?
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The Teradata Database is a relational database

management system (RDBMS) that drives a
company's data warehouse.
The Teradata Database's scalability allows the

system to grow as the business grows, from
gigabytes to terabytes and beyond.
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TeraData
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The Teradata Database is an

compliant with ANSI standards.
The Teradata Database is a large database server

that accommodates multiple client applications
making inquiries against it concurrently
The ability to manage large amounts of data is

accomplished using the concept of parallelism.
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open
system,
TeraData
TeraData Database is an ideal foundation for many applications
like,
Enterprise Data warehousing
Active Data warehousing
CRM
E-Businesses
Data Marts
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TeraData
What makes TeraData DB Unique ?
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Single Data Store
Scalability
Unconditional Parallelism (Parallel Architecture)
Ability to Model the business
Mature, parallel-aware optimizer
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Teradata - Single Data Store

Teradata Database acts as
a single data store, with
multiple and different type
of clients can access the
data base concurrently.
Teradata stores the data
once and use it for all
applications.
Teradata supports the entry
level system as it does for
massive enterprise data
warehouse.
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TeraData - Scalability
Teradata Database can scale from

100 GB to over 100 TB of data on a
single system without losing any
performance capability.
Teradata DB provides automatic data distribution and no need for

reorganizations of data.
Teradata is able to perform large aggregations.
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Teradata Unconditional
Parallelism
Teradata Database more faster
than a non-parallel system.
Multi processor work together to
process a task quickly.
The Teradata Database's
parallelism does not depend on
limited data quantity, column
range constraints, or specialized
data models -- The Teradata
Database has "unconditional
parallelism."
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Teradata Ability to model the

Business
Teradata Database's logical architecture, companies can get
a cohesive view of their operations across various functional
areas like
Supply chain - from initial manufacturing, to inventory, to
sale, to delivery, to maintenance, to customer satisfaction.
Relationship - between results of different departments.
Service Various levels of service based on a customer's
profitability.
A Teradata Database allows the data to represent a business
model, with data organized according to what it represents,
not how it is accessed, so it is easy to understand. The data
model should be designed without regard to usage and be
the same regardless of data volume
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Teradata - Mature, Parallel-Aware

Optimizer
The Teradata Database Optimizer is the most robust in the
industry, able to handle:
Multiple complex queries
Multiple joins per query
Unlimited ad-hoc processing
The Optimizer is parallel-aware, meaning that it has
knowledge of system components (how many nodes, vprocs,
etc.). It determines the least expensive plan (time-wise) to
process queries fast and in parallel. The Optimizer is further
explained in the next module.
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Teradata - Architecture
Figure shows the typical
architecture of the Teradata
database.
Main Components of
Teradata Database are,
1] Parsing Engine (PE)
2] Banyan Network (BYNET)
3] Access Module Process
(AMP)
4] Disk (Storage)
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Teradata Architecture Parsing

Engine
Parsing Engine (PE) is the virtual processor that communicates
with the client on one side and with the AMPs (Via BYNET) on
the other side.
PE logically consists of four
components
1] Session Control
2] Parser
3] Optimizer
4] Dispatcher
Session Control - Provides user session management such
as establishing and terminating sessions
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Teradata Architecture Parsing

Engine
Parser - Interprets the SQL statement received from the
application.
Verifies SQL requests for the proper syntax and evaluates
them semantically.
Consults the Data Dictionary to ensure that all objects exist
and that the user has authority to access them.
Optimizer - develops the least expensive plan, fastest
among the alternatives is chosen. Having knowledge of the
system components.
Dispatcher - controls the sequence in which the steps are
executed and passes the steps received from the optimizer
onto the BYNET for execution by the AMPs
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Teradata Architecture BYNET

Banyan Network (BYNET) BYNET is a bus that loosely couples all the Symmetric Multi
Processing (SMP) nodes into a multi node system.
BYNET possess high speed logic arrays that provide
bidirectional broadcast.
Normally two BYNET will be provided for Multi node system.
When BYNET traffic becomes particularly heavy, the two
BYNETs can handle separate (rather than redundant) traffic
using Loading balancing software to optimize the process.
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Teradata Architecture AMP

Access Module Process(AMP) is the heart of the Teradata
RDBMS. AMP is a virtual processor that provides a BYNET
interface and performs many database and file management
tasks.
AMPs do work associated with generating an output including
sorting, aggregating, formatting and converting.
Each AMP being assigned to a virtual disk and consists of a DB
manager subsystem.
DB manager subsystem manages the query operations like
Lock databases and tables.
Create, modify, or delete definitions of tables.
Insert, delete, or modify rows within the tables.
Retrieve information from definitions and tables.
Return responses to the Dispatcher.
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Teradata Architecture - Disk

Disk Arrays
A disk array is a matrix of independent but interconnected
physical disk storage units.
For the Teradata RDBMS, the disks are organized as a Redundant
Array of Independent Disks (RAID).
RAID consists of 5 types, among these five types one technology
will be chosen by RAID manager.
Each array typically consists of from one to four ranks of disks,
with up to five disks per rank.
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Teradata Architecture - Node

Processor Node
A hardware assembly containing several, tightly coupled
central processing units (CPUs).
Note : An MPP is a configuration of two or more loosely coupled
SMP nodes with shared SCSI access to multiple disk arrays.
Comprises an SMP configuration with a single processor node
connected to one or more disk arrays with the following
installed on the node:
Database software, Client interface software, Operating
system, Multiprocessor shared memory, processors and
Failsafe power provisions
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Teradata
Cliques
The clique is a feature of multinode systems that physically
groups nodes together by multi ported access to common disk
array units.
Figure illustrates the four node Clique
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DATA PROTECTION
Journaling:
A journal is a record of some kind of activity.

The Teradata Database supports several kinds of journaling:
Down AMP recovery
Transient Journel
Permanent Journel
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Down AMP Recovery Journel:
Is active during an AMP failure only

Journals fallback tables only
Is used to recover the AMP after the AMP is
repaired, then is discarded
This occurs always.
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Transient Journel:
Logs BEFORE images for transactions
Is used by system to roll back failed transactions aborted
either by the user or by the system Captures:
Begin/End Transaction indicators
"Before" row images for UPDATE and DELETE statements
Row IDs for INSERT statements
Control records for CREATE, DROP, DELETE, and ALTER
statements
Keeps each image on the same AMP as the row it describes
Discards images when the transaction or rollback Completes
Occurs always
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Permanent Journel:
Is available for tables or databases
Can contain "before" images, which permit rollback,
or after images, which permit roll-forward, or both
before and after images
Provides roll-forward recovery
Provides rollback recovery
Provides full recovery of non-fallback tables
Reduces need for frequent, full-table archives
Occurs as specified by the user.
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RAID
Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID)
It protects against a disk failure.

Non-array storage cannot use RAID technology.
Common levels of RAID in the data storage industry are:
RAID-1
RAID-5
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RAID-1:
RAID-1 is the most common level.
Also called MIRRORING.
With RAID-1, each primary disk has a mirror image,
an exact copy of all its data on another disk. The
contents of both disks are identical.
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or
RAID-5:
RAID 5 protection protects data from being lost because of
a disk unit failure or because of damage to a disk.
RAID
5 protection protects against a one disk unit failure.
RAID5 protects data from single-disk failures with a 25
percent increase in disk storage to provide parity.
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Disadvantages of RAID:
RAID1 provides better performance and data protection
than RAID5, but is more expensive.
Even though RAID disk array technology may provide
access
to data even when you have not specified
fallback,
neither RAID-1 nor RAID-5 provides the same level of
protection as fallback does.
Backups need to be done with arcmain for best dataprotection.
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Fallback:
The ability of the Teradata RDBMS to maintain an extra copy

of every row of a table in different AMPs.
During normal processing, reads are performed using only
the primary copy, while updates are performed on both
copies.
If a failure renders the primary copy inaccessible, the fallback
copy is used for reads and updates.
The database maintains a log of changes missed by
inaccessible copies and automatically applies the missed
changes to synchronize the table copy when it becomes
accessible.
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Costs and Benefits of Fallback:

The costs of using Fallback include requiring twice the disk
space for storage, and twice the I/O for inserts, updates, and
deletes (all fallback I/Os are performed in parallel to the primary
I/O).
The benefits of Fallback are protecting your data from hardware
failure (VPROC or DSU), protecting your data from software
failure, and automatic recovery after repair is complete,
minimum recovery time after repairs are complete, and
requires no extra I/O for the
SELECT SQL function.
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Channel Attached Client

Channel attached system is accessing the Teradata
through mainframe
Special hardware is required to access the system,
that why it is called channel attached system,
Traffic and communications between client
applications on the mainframe and the Teradata
database are managed by the Teradata Director
Program (TDP) software.
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Network Attached Client
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In Network attached system Teradata is accessible from

Unix/windows OS, through simple LAN network.
Traffic and communication between network-attached client

applications and the Teradata database are managed by
either: ODBC or CLIv2.
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Channel Attached Client and N/w

Attached
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SMP Symmetric Multi processing
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Stands for symmetric multi processing.
A computing where many CPUs are available for individual

processes simultaneously.
CPU attempts to access the memory at once, so there is

hold up.
Does suffer from bottleneck when all CPUs attempt to

access memory once.
Easier to program.
Smp supports limited parallelism i.e 64 processors .

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MPP Massive Parallel Processing

Stands for Massive parallel processing.
A computing that uses many CPUs in parallel to execute
a single program.
CPU has its own memory which prevents hold up.
Does not suffer from bottleneck when all CPUs attempt
to access memory once.
Difficult to program as applications must be divided to
communicate with each other.
MPP can support N number of nodes or processors [high
performance].
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Teradata Components
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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BTEQ
CLI
Fast Load
Multi Load
Fast Export
Tpump
Teradata Parallel Transporter (TPT)
Teradata Manager
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Teradata BTEQ
BTEQ Basic Teradata Query

Is a front-end utility for submitting
SQL.
Operates under all host systems
and local area networks (LANs).
In batch mode, it obtains input from
a host file (a "BTEQ script").
Can be used in interactive mode*
Has import/export features*
Has report writing features*
.
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Logon, logoff and exit

Logon
Starts a BTEQ Session. Every user, application, or utility must
LOGON to Teradata tosession. establish a
Syntax :
BTEQ .logon LOCALTD/<Database Name>,<Password>
Example :
BTEQ .logon LOCALTD/DBC,DBC
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Log off
The LOGOFF command ends the current RDBMS sessions without exiting BTEQ. If
you execute a LOGOFF command while a transaction is in progress, BTEQ aborts
the transaction and backs out any changes that had been made to the database.
Syntax :
.logoff
Exit
Immediately end the current session or sessions and exit BTEQ.
Syntax :
.exit
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How to run a batch file

BTEQ operates in both batch and interactive modes, as follows:
Interactive mode :
Start a BTEQ session, and submit commands to the database as needed.
Batch mode :
Prepare scripts or macros, and then submit them to BTEQ for processing.
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To run a batch file

Run Command Used to Execute Teradata SQL requests and BTEQ
commands from a specified run file, Prepare scripts or macros in txt file
and save Some ware in Hard Disk
Syntax :
.run file = <file path>
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Changing Database
In Teradata user itself is database. As a user you will have access to your
own user database and its objects.
The user name you used to logon with is usually your default database.
For Example if you log on as:

.logon user01
Pswd abc, in BTEQ command
The user01 will be your Default Database.
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The DATABASE command used to change your default

database.
database database name;

To check whether the database has changed or not,
we will use
help database database name;
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Teradata SQL Assistant

Data Source
Main Window
Windows
Teradata SQL Assistant is an information discovery tool designed for
Windows XP and Windows 2000. Teradata SQL Assistant retrieves data
from any ODBC-compliant database server and allows you to manipulate
and store the data on your desktop PC.
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Key features of Teradata SQL Assistant
Teradata SQL Assistant Test Database
Teradata SQL Assistant enables you to combine the data retrieved from ODBC
databases with desktop applications such as Excel to create consolidated reports, or to
analyze the merged data.
Teradata SQL Assistant records all SQL activity, complete with source identification, timings, row counts and your notes. This is especially useful for data mining because you can use the historical record to build
scripts from the SQL that produced positive results.
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Key features of Teradata SQL Assistant

Create reports from any RDBMS that provides an ODBC interface
Export data from the database to a file on a PC
Import data from a PC file directly to the database
Use an import file to create many similar reports (query results or Answer sets).
Send queries to any ODBC database or the same query to many different databases
Create a historical record of the submitted SQL with timings and status information such
as success or failure
Use SQL syntax examples that enable you to tailor statements to best fit your needs
Use the Database Explorer Tree to easily view database objects
Use a procedure builder that gives you a list of valid statements for building the logic of a
stored procedure
Limit data returned to prevent runaway queries
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Teradata SQL Assistant Test Database

During the installation process, the options screen gives you a choice to
install a test database (Microsoft Access) on your PC. To use this test
database, you must:
Have approximately 200KB of additional disk space
Install the ODBC desktop driver for Microsoft Access
Use the ODBC Administrator program to define a data
source
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Data Source
ODBC Driver
Starting Teradata SQL Assistant
Connecting to and Disconnecting from a Data Source
Changing the Database Password
ODBC Driver
Before using Teradata SQL Assistant to access the data in your RDBMS, you
must first install an ODBC driver.
Each RDBMS requires a driver that is designed specifically for that database
system.
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Starting Teradata SQL Assistant

After you have install, start Teradata SQL Assistant before you define an ODBC
data source.
Connecting to a Data Source

Select Tools > Connect. Select a data source and click OK
In the Teradata Database Connect dialog box:
Do one of the following:
Select Use Integrated Security
Enter the Mechanism and Parameter
Enter your Userid and Password.
Optionally, enter a Default Database or an Account String.

Click OK.
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Disconnecting from a Data Source

Select Tools > Disconnect
The status bar, appearing across the bottom of the main window, confirms the
disconnect:
Disconnect successful.
Changing the Database Password

Select Tools > Change Password.
In the Change Database Password dialog box, enter your current password.
Enter your new password (each character you type is displayed as an asterisk).
Re-enter the same new password to confirm it.
Click OK.
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Main Window
The Teradata SQL Assistant main window appears with a blank Query
window on the top and a History window on the bottom.
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Windows
Query Window
The Query window is where you enter and execute a query. The results from your
query are placed into one or more Answerset windows. Alternatively, the results
may be written directly to a file.
To display the Query Window Shortcut Menu
From the Query window, click the right mouse button.
Press Shift-F10.
Press Context Menu on your keyboard.
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Answerset window
The Answerset window is a table that displays the results from a statement. You can
sort the output in a number of ways and print as bitmaps in spreadsheet format.
Individual cells, rows, columns, or blocks of columns may be formatted to change the
background and foreground color as well as the font style, name, and size. You can
make other modifications such as displaying or hiding gridlines and column headers.
To display the Answerset Window Shortcut Menu

From any table inside the Answerset window, click the right mouse button.
Press Shift+F10
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History window
The History window is a table that displays your past queries and related processing
attributes. The past queries and processing attributes are stored locally in a Microsoft
Access 95 or 2000 database. This allows the flexibility to work with previous SQL
statements in the future.
To display the History Window Shortcut Menu
Click the right mouse button anywhere within the History window,
Press Shift-F10 or the Context Menu Key
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Teradata CLI
Teradata Call-Level Interface is a collection of callable service
routines that provide the interface between applications and
the Teradata Gateway. Gateway is the interface between CLI
and the Teradata Database
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Teradata Fast Load

Teradata Fastload is a command-driven utility you can use to
quickly load large amounts of data in an empty table on a
Teradata Database.
Data is loaded from
Disk or tape files on a channel-attached client system
Input files on a network-attached workstation
Special input module (INMOD) routines you write to select,
validate, and
Preprocessinput data
Any other device providing properly formatted source data
Can be run either through batch mode or Interactive mode
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Teradata Fast Load

What it Does ?
Log you on to the Teradata Database for a specified
number of sessions, using your username, password, and
tdpid/acctid information
Load the input data into the Teradata Fastload table on the
Teradata Database.
Log you off from the Teradata Database.
If the load operation was successful, return the following
information about the Teradata Fastload operation and then
terminate:
Total number of records read, skipped, and sent to the
Teradata Database
Number of errors posted to the Teradata Fastload
error tables
Number of inserts applied
Number of duplicate rows
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Teradata Fast Load

Limitations
Since FastLoad utility works only on empty tables. You can not use
the FastLoad on the below secnarios
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Insert additional data rows into an existing table

Update individual rows of existing tables
Delete individual rows from existing tables
Load data into multiple tables
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Teradata Multi Load

MultiLoad is a command-driven utility for fast, high-volume maintenance
on multiple tables and views of a Teradata Database
A single MultiLoad job performs a number of different import and delete
tasks on database
tables and views
Each MultiLoad import task can do multiple data insert, update,
and delete functions on up to five different tables or views.
Each MultiLoad delete task can remove large numbers of rows
from a single table.
Supports up to 5 tables
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Teradata Multi Load

What it Does ? -- It performs loading in 5 phases
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Teradata Multi Load

Mls cript (2).txt
Limitations
MultiLoad doesnt support the following conditions.
Concatenation of data files
Aggregate operators,exponential operators,arithmetic
functions
Data retrieval from the Teradata Database with the
SELECT
statements
Foreign key references
Unique secondary indexes
Maximum number of columns is limited to 2048
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Teradata Tpump
Tpump Continuous Data Loading
Teradata TPump is a highly parallel utility designed to
continuously move data from data sources into Teradata tables
without locking the affected table
TPump provides near-real-time data into your data warehouse,
allowing you to maintain fresh,accurate data for up-to-themoment decision making
Tpump is used to insert, update, upsert, and delete data
in the Teradata Database, particularly forenvironments where
batch windows are shrinking and warehouse maintenance
overlaps normal working hours
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Teradata Database Fast Export

FastExport is a command-driven utility that uses multiple
sessions to quickly transfer large amounts of data from tables
and views of the Teradata Database to a client-based application
When FastExport is invoked, the utility executes the FastExport
commands and Teradata SQLstatements in the FastExport job
script. These direct FastExport to
. Log on to the Teradata Database for a specified number of
sessions, using username,
password, and tdpid/acctid information
. Retrieve the specified data from the Teradata Database, in
accordance with format and
selection specifications
.Export the data to the specified file or OUTMOD routine on a
client system
.Log off the Teradata Database
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Teradata Teradata Parallel

Transporter (TPT)
Teradata Parallel Transporter(TPT) is a load / update /
export tool that enables data extraction, transformation,
and loading processes common to all data ware houses.
TPT combines the functionality of the Teradata utilities
(Fast Load, Multi Load, Fast Export and Tpump) in a single
parallel environment.
There is a set of open APIs (Application Programmer
Interface) to add third party or custom data transformation
to Teradata Parallel Transporter scripts.
Using multiple, parallel tasks, a single TPT script can load
data from disparate sources into the Teradata DB in the
same job.
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Teradata Teradata Parallel

Transporter (TPT)
A single Teradata Parallel Transporter job can load data from

multiple disparate sources into the Teradata Database, as
indicated by the green arrow.
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Teradata Teradata Manager

Teradata Corporation offers Teradata Manager as the
command center for monitoring the Teradata Database and
visualizing real-time performance and historical trends
Teradata Manager, which operates from a single graphical
user interface, collects, analyzes, and displays workload
performance and database utilization information in either
report or graphic
format without impacting database users
Some Key features of Teradata Manager
Performance Analysis andProblem Resolution
Workload Management
Database Management
Operational Control
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Access Considerations
When choosing the primary index for a table, there are two essential
factors to keep in mind:
uniform distribution of the data
optimal access
With respect to optimal data access, consider the following factors:

Choose the primary index on the most frequently used access path.
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Access Considerations
For example:
If rows are generally accessed by a range query, consider defining a PPI on
the table that creates a useful set of partitions.
If the table is frequently joined with a specific set of tables, consider
defining the primary index on the column set that is typically used as the
join condition.
Primary index operations must provide the full primary index value.
Primary index retrievals on a single value are always one-AMP operations
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Additional Indexes
Teradata Database provides four different index types:
Primary index
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Secondary index
Join index (JI)
Hash index
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Primary indexes
All Teradata Database tables require a primary index because the system
distributes tables on their primary indexes.
It helps for the uniform data distribution
Primary indexes can be:
Unique or Non-unique
Partitioned or Non-partitioned
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Secondary index
It helps for the efficient data access
Secondary indexes can be
Unique or Non-unique.
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Unique index
Unique index
A unique index, has a unique value for each row in a table.
Teradata Database defines two different types of unique index.
Unique primary index (UPI)
UPIs provide optimal data distribution and are typically assigned to the
primary key for a table.
Unique secondary index (USI)
USIs guarantee that each complete index value is unique, while ensuring
that data access based on it is always a two-AMP operation
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Non-Unique index
Non-Unique index:
A non-unique index does not require its values to be unique
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Partitioned and Non-partitioned

Primary Indexes
Partitioned and Non-partitioned Primary Indexes
Non-partitioned primary index (NPPI)
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This is the traditional primary index by which rows are assigned to AMPs.
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Partitioned Primary index

Partitioned primary index (PPI)
It allows rows to be partitioned, based on some set of columns, on the AMP
to which they are distributed, and ordered by the hash of the primary index
columns within the partition
APPI can improve query performance through partition elimination.
A PPI provides a useful alternative to an NPPI for executing range queries
against a table, while still providing efficient access, join, and aggregation
strategies on the primary index
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Join Indexes
Join Indexes
A join index is an indexing structure containing columns from one or more
base tables and is generally used to resolve queries and eliminate the need to
access and join the base tables it represents.
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Hash Indexes
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Hash indexes are used for the same purposes as are single-table join
indexes.
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Teradata SQL Extensions & Features

Table Creation
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Use of column aliases
Select from a dummy table
Qualify
Delete Command
Additional Features
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Qualify
Teradata offers a new SQL clause "qualify.

Oracle doesn't have the Qualify clause altogether. However, Oracle's ability to
do nested query comes to rescue
Select from a Dummy table
Sometimes when you are working with SQL you may need an extra row or
two. Oracle has its infamous DUAL table that could be used for that:
Teradata exhibits similar behavior without table name
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Table Creation
When creating tables. we have format and default clauses specified in this
table definition. DEFAULT is a standard clause and does what you would
expect. The FORMAT only works when one uses Teradata BTEQ tool as
opposed to a Teradata SQL Assistant.
Use of column aliases

Teradata allows use of column aliases in WHERE conditions
Whereas in Oracle doesnt permit the use of aliases in where condition
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Delete Command
In Oracle, Syntax for Deleting Table
DELETE from table_name;
Teradata, Syntax for Deleting Table

DELETE from table_name ALL;
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Additional Features
Additional Features:
SHOW Command :
Gives definition(DDL) of the database object.
HELP Command :
Gives the contents of the database object.
MACRO :
Package of pre-written, frequently run SQL statements.
Helpful for reusable queries
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Macros
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It is a package used to execute SQL statements.

Encapsulation of Mulitple SQL statements .
Pre-written SQL statements are there in it.
Actual text of Macros is stored in a Global Repository called
Data Dictionary.
Macros are Database objects and thus they belong to
specific users or database.
Frequently Run SQL statements
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Commands Related To Macro
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CREATE Macro
EXEC Macro
SHOW Macro
REPLACE Macro
DROP Macro
EXPLAIN Macro
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Create a Macro:
CREATE MACRO NewEmp (name VARCHAR(12),

number INTEGER NOT NULL,
dept INTEGER DEFAULT 100
)
AS (INSERT INTO Employee (Name,
EmpNo,
DeptNo
)
VALUES (:name,
:number,
:dept
)
;
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Execute a Macro:
You can use Execute command to Insert data into table.
EXECUTE Macro name(Goldsmith H, 10015, 600);
Delete a
Macro:
DROP MACRO Macro name;
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Parameterized Macro
Parameterized Macros allow substituteable variables

supplied at runtime.
Example:
Create Macro Dept_list(dept int) AS
(Select last_name from employee
where department_number=:dept);
Exec Dept_list(301);
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Macros may have more than One Parameters.
Example
Create Macro emp_check(dept integer, sal_amount
dec(9,2) AS (select emp_number from employee where
depart_number=:dept and sal_amount <:sal_amount);
Exec emp_check(201,5000);
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Teradata HELP command

Teradata provides one of the user friendly featured like HELP commands.
HELP SESSION:
This command is used to display the user name, account name, logon
date and time, current database name, collation code set and character set
being used and also , transaction semantics, time zone and character set
data.
HELP DATABASE <database-name> ;

This command is used to display the names of all the tables (T), views (V),
macros (M), and triggers (G) stored in a database and table comments
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HELP TABLE <table-name>;

This command is used to display the column names, type
identifier, and any user written comments on the columns within
a table.
HELP VIEW <view-name> ;
This command is used to display the column names, type identifier,
and comments on the columns within a VIEW
HELP MACRO <macro-name> ;

This command is used to display the characteristics of parameters
passed to it at execution time.
HELP INDEX <table-name> ;

This command is used to display the indexes and their
characteristics like unique or non-unique and the column or columns
involved in the index. This information is used by the Optimizer to create
a plan for SQL.
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HELP STATISTICS
<table-name> ;
This command is used to display values associated with the data demographics collected on the
table. This information is used by the Optimizer to create a plan for SQL.
HELP CONSTRAINT
<table-name>.<constraint-name> ;
This command is used to display the checks to be made on the data when it is inserted or updated
and the columns are involved.
HELP 'SQL';
This command is used to display a list of all available SQL commands and functions.
HELP 'SQL <command>';

This command is used to display the basic syntax and options for the SQL command used in place of
the <command>.
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HELP 'SPL';
This command is used to display a list of available SPL commands.

HELP 'SPL <command>';
This command is used to display the basic syntax and options for the
SPL command used in place of the <command>.
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Teradata SHOW command

SHOW CONTROLS:
Purpose
Returns the current settings of the formatting command options.
Displays all of the BTEQ control command options currently configured.
Uses
Use the SHOW CONTROLS command to verify the BTEQ format settings
that users control.
The command SHOW, used without any options, displays the last SQL
statement.
You can use the SHOW CONTROLS command in a Teradata SQL macro.
Optionally, the SHOW CONTROLS command can be used at the settings
level.
SHOW CONTROLS command displays the output at the settings level.
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SHOW ERRORMAP
Purpose
Displays the contents of the tables that map error codes to severity levels.
Uses
We can use SHOW ERRORMAP command when you want to display the return code associated
with a specific error.
SHOW VERSIONS
Purpose
Returns the current level of each BTEQ software
Uses
We can use the SHOW VERSIONS command to determine which version of
BTEQ is running.
We can use the SHOW VERSIONS command in a Teradata SQL macro.
.
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Fastload Commands - Sleep

Purpose
The SLEEP command specifies the number of minutes that
Teradata Fastload pauses before retrying a logon operation
when the maximum number of load operations is already
running on the Teradata Database.
Syntax: SLEEP minutes
Syntax Element Description:
minutes Number of minutes that Teradata Fastload pauses
before retrying the logon operation.
The minutes specification must be greater than zero. If you
enter zero, Teradata Fastload responds with an error
message, and terminates.
The Teradata Fastload default, if you do not use the SLEEP
command, is 6 minutes.
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Tenacity
Tenacity:
Purpose
The TENACITY command specifies the number of hours that
Teradata Fastload continues trying to log on when the
maximum number of load operations is already running on
the Teradata Database.
Syntax:
TENACITY hours
Syntax Element hours: Number of hours that Teradata
Fastload continues trying to log on.
The hours specification must be greater than zero. If you
enter zero, Teradata
Fastload responds with an error message and terminates.
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Checkpoints
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Checkpoints The CHECKPOINT option defines points in a job

where Teradata Fastload pauses to record that the Teradata
Database has processed a specified number of input
records. When you use checkpoints, you do not have to
rerun the entire Teradata Fastload job if it stops before
completion.
Teradata Fastload uses the checkpoint information in the
restart log table to determine the restart location.
When specifying the integer value for the CHECKPOINT
option:
If you enter zero as the value, Teradata Fastload processes
the BEGIN
LOADING command as if you did not enter a CHECKPOINT
value.
If you do not enter a value, or if you enter a value that is
not an
integer, the Teradata Database returns a syntax error.
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Optimizer & Collecting Statistics

Optimizers are used for choosing the Optimal Executional Plan which
consumes less resources.
Optimizer is helpful in case of:
Multiple complex queries.
Multiple joins per query.
Unlimited ad-hoc processing.
Two types of Optimizers:
Role Based Optimizer (RBO)
Cost Based Optimizer (CBO)
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Collecting Statistics
This facilitates the periodic updation of Data Dictionary with
the recent information's about the Database Objects.
The Syntax is:
COLLECT STATISTICS/
COLLECT STATS/
COLLECT STAT
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EXPLAIN Facility
It gives which indexes if any will be used in the query.

Whether individual steps with in the query may execute in parallel.
An estimate of numbers , row which will be processed.
An estimate of the cost of the query.
It does not execute query but explains what DB resources will be used in
processing a request.
EXPLAIN SELECT emplyee_id, emplyee_name,
employee_department from EMPLOYEE;
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Invoking Fast load and Multi load

in Batch mode
Fast and Multi load commands can be run using the batch mode by
just passing both the input file and output file as the parameters to
the load utility
Syntax for invoking fast and multi commands are as follows.
Fastload/multiload <Options> < Infile > Outfile
Infile is a Multi/fast Load job script file which includes all MultiLoad
commands and SQL statements.
The outfile is the output stream file.
The below mentioned options can be used while invoking the load
utilites
-b /* only print the brief info which can beused to determine success or failure. */
-c characterset_name /* the name can be ASCII ( 255 )
-e filename /* specifies a file for error messages */
-r MultiLoad Command /* the MultiLoad Command may be RUN FILE, so you can run a
job
script */
-M /* maximal number of sessions */
-N /* minimal number of sessions */
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Rank Function
Returns an ordered ranking of rows based on the
value_expression in the ORDER BY clause.
Syntax
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Rank Function
This example ranks salespersons by sales region based on their
sales.
SELECT sales_person, sales_region, sales_amount,RANK() OVER
(PARTITION BY sales_region ORDER BY sales_amount DESC)
FROM sales_table;
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Total, Sub totals

Teradata WITH and WITH BY clauses can be used to calculate totals and
subtotals.
The below example is used determine the sub total of the salary by
department wise and also the grand total of the salary.
SELECT first_name,last_name,dept_no,salary FROM employee
WITH SUM(salary) (TITLE Department SubTotal:)BY dept_no -To calculate subtotal by dept
wise
WITH SUM (salary) (TITLE Total Salary:); -- To calculate grand total of the salary
first_name last_name dept_no
--------- --------- -------- --------Micheal
Reed
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Department SubTotal:
Larry
King
112
Philip
Josheph
112
John
Row
113
Read
Vitamin
114
Robert
Howard
114
Tony
Peter
115
Total Salary:
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Salary
46000
-----46000
60000
65000
------125000
55000
------55000
62000
65000
------127000
72000
------72000
------425000
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Sample Function
Sample function is used to randomly display the records from the table.
Sql Syntax:
select * from tablename sample n
n represents the number of records to be displayed or also could be
percentage of the records to be displayed
Example
Select * from emp sample 2 This will display 2 records
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Data type And Conversions
A data type conversion modifies the data type or attributes of an expression

and can be either
implicit or explicit.
Explicit conversions can be made using the CAST function or Teradata
conversion syntax.
Forms of Data Type Conversions

The Teradata Database supports the following forms of data conversion:
Implicit
Explicit using the CAST function
Explicit using Teradata conversion syntax
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Implicit Type Conversions

Teradata Database permits the assignment and comparison of some types without requiring the
types to be explicitly converted.
Teradata Database also performs implicit type conversions on some argument types passed to
macros, stored procedures, and SQL functions such as SQRT.
Supported Data Types
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Byte
Numeric
Date
Character
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mplicit Type Conversion During Assignment
Consider the following tables:

CREATE TABLE T1(Fname VARCHAR(25)
,Fid INTEGER,Yrs CHARACTER(2));
CREATE TABLE T2(Wname VARCHAR(25)
,Wid INTEGER,Age SMALLINT);
In the following statement, Teradata Database implicitly converts

the character string in T1.Yrs to a numeric value
UPDATE T2 SET Age = T1.Yrs + 5;
This is not evident in the syntax of the source statement, but
becomes evident when the dictionary information for tables T1
and T2 is accessed.
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Implicit Type Conversion During Comparison

Consider the table T1 in Implicit Type Conversion During
Assignment.
In the following statement, Teradata Database implicitly converts both
operands of the comparison operation to FLOAT values before performing the
comparison:
SELECT Fname, Fid FROM T1
WHERE T1.Yrs < 55;
Implicit Type Conversion in Parameter Passing Operations

Consider the SQRT system function that computes the square root of an argument.
In the following statement, Teradata Database implicitly converts the
character argument to FLOAT type
SELECT SQRT('13147688');
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CAST in Explicit Data Type Conversions

Purpose
Converts an expression of a given data type to a different data type or the same data type with
a different format.
Teradata SQL supports two different syntaxes for CAST functionality, only one of which is
ANSI SQL-2003-compliant.
Syntax
----CAST---- (expression----AS---- ansi_sql_data_type------)
data_type_list
Expression
an expression with known data type to be cast as a different data
type.
ansi_sql_data_type
the new data type for expression.
data_type_list
the new data type or data attributes or both for expression.
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CAST does not convert the following data type pairs:

Numeric to character, if the server character set is GRAPHIC.
Character expressions having different server character sets.
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Teradata Conversion Syntax in Explicit Data

Type Conversions
Teradata conversion syntax is defined as follows
---expression------(data_type_list)------
Expression
The data expression to be converted to the new definition defined by data_type_list
Data_type_list
A data type declaration or data attributes or both.List elements must be separated
by commas.
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Thank You
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TeraData DataBase

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2010 Wipro Ltd - Confidential

A data mart (DM) is the access layer of the Dataware

Data marts are often categorized into three different types:

Independent data marts

Independent data marts:

Independent data marts are isolated entities, entirely

Dependent Data Marts

Where access is limited exclusively to the data mart.

Logical Data Marts

Advantages of Logical Data Marts

Customer Relationship Management (CRM):

Teradata Customer Management provides more relevant conversations

CRM offers these critical components of marketing

The Teradata Database is a relational database

The Teradata Database's scalability allows the

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The Teradata Database is an

The Teradata Database is a large database server

The ability to manage large amounts of data is

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Single Data Store

Unconditional Parallelism (Parallel Architecture)

Ability to Model the business

Mature, parallel-aware optimizer

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Teradata - Single Data Store

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