Russias export structure

Russias economy

Introduction
Export development is traditionally regarded as one of the ways to achieve sustainable
economic growth. Recent studies confirm that the long-term development of individual
countries is dependent not only upon their export volume and its growth rate, but its
qualitative structure as well. Labor productivity of the representative national exporters,
as well as differences in the composition of factors used for production of goods
exported by a particular country can be regarded as characteristics of the export
qualitative structure. The first of these characteristics reflects the productivity of the
export sector, while the second one indicates the average effort level to be taken by a
country to extend the range of new promising export products, taking into account the
existing structure of national export.

Russia

Russias economy is highly dependent on the export of commodities with raw oil,
petroleum products, and natural gas accounting for 68 percent of total shipments. In
2013, 50 percent of country's federal budget revenue came from mineral extraction
taxes and custom duties on oil and natural gas. Other exports include: nickel,
palladium, iron, chemicals, cars, military equipment and timber. Main export
partners are: Netherlands, Italy, Germany, Ukraine and China.
Russia is one of the lucky countries which has so many natural riches. The structure
of export is directly related to raw materials from the basement of the country.

Products exported by Russia (2012)

1- Crude Petroleum $183,748,483,270.08
2- Rafined Petroleum $ 70,646,329,764.51
3- Petroleum Gas
$ 42,892,842,942.02
4- Coal Briquettes
$ 14,074,751,682.84
5- Semi-Finished Iron $ 6,997,125,669.99
6- Raw Aluminium
$ 6,638,717,814.91
7- Wheat
$ 6,211,815,617.74
8- Gold
$ 5,845,782,823.11
9- Diamonds
$ 4,677,077,906.20
10- Mixed Mineral or $ 4,255,016,510.81
Chemical Fertilizers

39%
15%
9.1%
3.0%
1.5%
1.4%
1.3%
1.2%
0.99%
0.90%

Export destinations of Russia (2012)

1- Netherlands
2- China
3- Germany
4- Ukraine
5- Belarus
6- Italy
7- Poland
8- Japan
9- Kazakhstan
10- Turkey

$43,330,934,605.00
$38,105,128,780.02
$30,521,090,747,41
$26,648,772,147.62
$25,461,186,681.28
$23,294,956,742.17
$21,029,995,008.19
$17,355,990,724.55
$15,974,966,860.55
$15,023,990,552,82

9.2%
8.1%
6.5%
5.7%
5.4%
5.0%
4.5%
3.7%
3.4%
3.2%

Conclusions about 2012

As we can see, export structure has in the foreground the petroleum products, commodities
with crude oil. Main importers are the countries who use in their industry these products,
but in the same time, these countries have a developed industry which needs raw materials .

For Russias exports from 2012, March and especially December means the highest values.

Exports to Country (Jan/2015)

From 2012 to the beginning of 2015, in top 10

countries who import from Russia, we find many
world powers since the beginning of 2012.

Exports of Commodity (Jan/2015)

Exports of Commodity are based

on products which use as raw
materials the natural resources
from underground deposits.
Crude Oil, Petroleum Products,
Natural Gas, Liquid Fuels, Diesel
Fuels, all of these are Russias
main treasure.

Russias export between 2012 and 2015

The export has recorded during this period a relatively constant level
between January 2012 and the beginning of January 2014, when it
recorded a big fall. The first half of 2014 has created an illusion driven
by export growth, but actually was a decrease from the end of 2013
untill 2015.

Top Russian Exports to the World

Russia, the sixth-richest country in the world, shipped US$492.1 billion worth of goods
around the globe in 2014, up by 23.9% since 2010.
1. Oil: $288.4 billion (58.6% of total exports)
2. Iron and Steel: $20.2 billion (4.1%)
3. Gems, precious metals, coins: $11.6 billion (2.4%)
4. Machines, engines, pumps: $9 billion (1.8%)
5. Fertilizers: $8.9 billion (1.8%)
6. Wood: $7.6 billion (1.6%)
7. Cereals: $7 billion (1.4%)
8. Aluminium: $6.3 billion (1.3%)
9. Inorganic chemicals: $5.1 billion (1%)
10. Copper: $4.9 billion (1%)

Fastest-Growing Russian Exports 2014

1. Silk: Up 1,588% from 2010 ($135,000)
2. Cork: Up 919.4% ($632000)
3. Footwear: Up 742.6% ($215.3 million)
4. Knit or crochet clothing: Up 674.8% ($141.4 million)
5. Gums, resins: Up 607.5% ($6.8 million)
6. Special woven/tufted fabric: up 516.8% ($8.1 million)
7. Knitted or crocheted fabric: Up 497.8% ($7.5 million)\
8. Live animals: Up 496.7% ($28.3 million)
9. Vegetable/fruit preparations: Up 473.6% ($262.7 million)
10. Umbrellas, walking-sticks: Up 467.7% ($545000)\

11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.

Feathers, artificial flowers, hair: Up 355.9% ($1.3 million)

Headgear: Up 343.6% ($12.6 million)
Oil seed: Up 337.8% ($366.9 million)
Food waste, animal fodder: Up 290.2% ($1.2 billion)
Vegetables: Up 286.2% ($244 million)
Meat: Up 282.9% (%103.3 million)
Fruits, nuts: Up 281.1% ($82.9 million)
Musical instruments: Up 273.1% ($817000)
Clocks and watches: Up 263.4 % ($15.3 million)
Animal/vegetable fats and oils: Up 225.9% ($2.2 billion)
Cereal, milk preparations: Up 225.6% ($610.6 million)
Other animal-origin products: Up 224.4% ($71 million)
Clothing (not knit or crochet): Up 216.4% ($202.4 million)
Textile floor coverings: Up 203.7% ($6.2 million)
Cereals: Up 191% ($7 billion)

Trade
Russia recorded a trade surplus of 17742 USD million in January 2013. Balance of trade in Russia
is reported by the Central Bank of Russia. Historically, from 1997 until 2013, Russias balance of
trade averaged 8338.23 USD million reaching an all-time high of 20647 USD million in December
2011 and a record low of 185 USD million in February 1998. Russia runs regular trade surpluses
primarily due to exports of commodities.
Exports in Russia decreased to 39038 USD million in January 2013 from 48568 USD million in
December 2012. Exports in Russia is reported by the Central Bank of Russia. Historically, from
1994 until 2013, russian exports averaged 18668.83 USD million reaching an all-time high of
51338 USD million in December 2011 and a record low of 4087 USD million in January 1994.
Russia is the fifth-largest economy in the world and is a leading exporter of oil and natural gas. In
Russia, services are the biggest sector of the economy and account for 58% of GDP. Within these
services the most important segments are: wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles,
motorcycles and personal and household goods (17% of total GDP); public administration, health
and education (12%); real estate (9%) and transport storage and communications (7%). Industry
contributes 40% to total output. Mining (11% of GDP), manufacturing (13%) and construction
(4%) are the most important industry segments. Agriculture accounts for the remaining 2%.

A big problem - Russia, the great bear

Russia has a wealth of natural resources, but its

economy is overwhelmingly driven by its main
export, oil. According to Wikipedia, The
country has the worlds largest natural gas
reserves, the 8th largest oil reserves, and the
second largest coal reserves. Russia is the
worlds leading natural gas exporter and second
largest natural gas producer, while also the
largest oil exporter and the largest oil
producer. Because the European Union as a
whole depends on Russia for 25 per cent of its
gas supplies, Russia has been able to restrict
its petroleum exports in the past to punish
Western-minded countries. In particular, Russia
has used its exports as a weapon against the
Ukraine throughout the last decade. In 2006,
2009, and again in 2014, Russia cut exports to
the Ukraine and caused major economic waves
that rippled around the globe. To be fair, Russia
likely did have legitimate reasons for cutting off
the fuel to the Ukraine (due to gas debts).
Nevertheless, with 80% of exports to Europe
passing through the Ukraine, all of the

Bulgaria was one of the countries hardest hit when Russia cut the gas supply to Europe during
that biting winter [of 2009], according to the Financial Times. They continue, Electric heaters
sold out within hours. People in many parts of the Balkans had to go back to burning wood. In
Sofia, the zoos shivering African monkeys were kept alive with buckets of herbal tea mixed with
lemon and honey. Nowadays though, countries such as Bulgaria and Poland are working to wean
themselves off of Russian oil. Grupa Azoty, [Polands] biggest gas consumer, is seeking to break its
dependence on Russia. Grupa Azoty [currently] consumes 15 per cent of Polands annual gas
imports but has vowed that half the 2.3 bcm will come from non-Russian sources by 2016
(Financial Times).
Russia has a number of other resources beneath its feet besides oil, but has not
chosen to focus on those industries. For instance, despite having more than a
fifth of the worlds forests and being the largest forest country in the world,
the considerable potential of Russian forests is underutilized and Russias
share of the global trade in forest products is less than four percent (Wikipedia
).The lack of diversification in the Russian economy is a primary reason for the
effectiveness of the recent sanctions on the country.

Bibliography
http://www.tradingeconomics.com/russia/exports
https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/rus/
http://www.worldsrichestcountries.com/top-russia-exports.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Russia
https://bullmoosenews.wordpress.com