Conference

Presentations
Steve Wallace

The person who presents the

research gets the credit
Paul Chu: first superconductor with a
boiling point above liquid nitrogen
Maw-Kuen Wu and Jim Ashburn
declined to speak and are not
remembered

The presenter gets the

credit
Zhengzhi Sheng, a postdoctoral researcher
at the University of Arkansas, discovered
another superconductor at an even higher
temperature.
Because Sheng was not a good speaker,
the department chair, Allen Hermann,
spoke at the press conference. Although
Hermann repeatedly acknowledged the
contribution of Sheng, Hermann was the
one who received most of the credit.

Bad conference presentations

Youve seen poor conference presentations

The speaker:
Sits
Reads
Speaks in a dead, low voice
Uses sentences which are long and complex
Uses technical words and phrases.
Emphasizes complicated details
Runs out of time

 An effective talk must do two things:

1. Persuade you audience with evidence
2. Be interesting and entertaining.

Principles of effective conference

presentations
Talk, instead to reading
Stand up
Move around
Make eye contact with your audience
Dont only look at one side of the room
Imitate excellent speakers

Why do smart people give poor

talks?
Poor speaking is a reaction to fear.
Presentations are not journal articles.
They're a completely different
communication, and they require different
skills.

Bohr vs. NussleinVolhard

Bohr:
Whereas Einstein tried to grasp a hidden
essence by disregarding anything he
thought irrelevant, Bohr insisted that
nothing be left out. Edward MacKinnon
Bohr was much worse. His failing was that
he used too many words to express any
idea, wandering about as he spoke, often
inaudibly. Sir Mark Oliphant
Nusslein-Volhard:
Scope moves from simple to specific
Simple short sentences

Bohrs Nobel prize

acceptance speech
Today, as a consequence of the great honor the
Swedish Academy of Sciences has done me in
awarding me this years Nobel Prize for Physics for
my work on the structure of the atom, it is my duty to
give an account of the results of this work, and I think
that I shall be acting in accordance with the traditions
of the Nobel Foundation if I give this report in the
form of a survey of the development which has taken
place in the last few years within the field of physics
to which this work belongs.

Nies Bohr: Nobel prize

acceptance

The present state of atomic theory is

characterized by the fact that we not only
believe the existence of atoms to be proved
beyond a doubt, but also we even believe that
we have an intimate knowledge of the
constituents of the individual atoms. I cannot on
this occasion give a survey of the scientific
developments that have led to this resultI will
only recall the discovery of the electron toward
the close of the last century, which furnished the
direct verification and led to the conclusive
formulation of the conception of the atomic
nature of electricity which had evolved since the
discovery by Faraday of the fundamental laws of
electrochemical theory, and its greatest triumph
in the electrolytic dissociation theory of
Arrhenius.

Einstein on Bohr
Bohr stated his opinions like one
perpetually groping and never like
one who believes himself to be in
possession of definite truth.

Christine Nusslein-Volhard
In the life of animals, complex forms alternate
with simple ones. An individual develops from a
simple one-celled egg that bears no
resemblance on the complex structure and
pattern displayed in the juvenile and adult form.
The process of embryonic development with its
highly ordered increase in complexity
accompanied by perfect reproducibitiy, is
controlled by a subset of the animal genes.
Animals have a large number of genes. The
exact number is not known for any multicellular
organism, nor is it known how many and which
are required for the development of complexity,
pattern, and shape during embryogenesis. To
identify these genes and to understand their
functions is a major issue in biological research.

Scientific presenters
Successful scientific presenters

Ludwig Boltzmann
Albert Einstein
Richard Feynman
Rita Levi-Montalcini
Linus Pauling

Became strong presenters later in their

careers
Heinrich Hertz,
J. Robert Oppenheimer
Chien-Shiung Wu

Rise above those obstacles to make

successful presentations
Marie Curie

Michael Faraday on presenting

[Lectures] depend entirely for their value on
the manner in which they are given. It is not
the matter, not the subject, so much as the
man.

Scientists who used

analogies, examples, and
stories

Otto Frisch when describing the size of a

nucleus: If an atom were enlarged to the size
of a bus, the nucleus would be like the dot on
this i.
Einstein used the analogy of shooting sparrows
in the dark7 to describe the likelihood of
producing nuclear energy with alpha particles
striking nitrogen nuclei.
Fred Soechting when describing his work with
turbine blades in gas turbine engines: The
amount of power produced by a single gas
turbine blade equals that of a Masarati sports
car.8

Issac Asimov on Linus Pauling

On March 21, 1949, I attended a lecture
given by Linus Pauling.... That talk was the
best talk by anyone on any subject that I had
ever heard. The talk was more than a talk to
me. It filled me with a desire of my own to
become a speaker.

James Watson on Paulings

presentations
Paulings talk was made with his usual dramatic
flair. The words came out as if he had been in show
business all his life. A curtain kept his model hidden
until near the end of his lecture, when he proudly
unveiled his latest creation. Then, with his eyes
twinkling, Linus explained the specific characteristics
that made his modelthe -helixuniquely
beautiful. Even if he were to say nonsense, his
mesmerized students would never know because of
his unquenchable self-confidence.

David L. Goodstein on Robert Feynman

[Feynman] absolutely riveted the attention of
everyone in the room for the entire time he was there.
His need to do that helps explain some of the racy
stories he liked to tell about himself, but it also lies
close to the core of what made him a great teacher.
For Feynman, the lecture hall was a theater, and the
lecturer a performer, responsible for providing drama
and fireworks as well as facts and figures. This was
true regardless of his audience, whether he was
talking to undergraduates or graduate students, to his
colleagues or the general public.

Professor David Goodstein on

Robert Feynman
But even when he thought he was explaining things
lucidly to freshmen or sophomores, it was not always
really they who benefited most from what he was
doing. It was more often us, scientists, physicists,
professors, who would be the main beneficiaries of
his magnificent achievement, which was nothing less
than to see all of physics with fresh new eyes.

Oppenheimers early
lectures
Consider J. Robert Oppenheimers early
lectures given at California-Berkeley in
1929. Only twenty-five years old, but
already well known for his work on the
quantum theory, Oppenheimer began his
teaching that first semester with a class
full of eager graduate students.
Halfway through the semester, though,
the number of students registered for his
course had dropped to one.

Daniel J. Kelves on Robert Oppenheimer

Desperately eager to reach his students, his
sensitivities sharpened by his own past difficulties,
Oppenheimer made it a point to pay as much attention
to the troubles of his charges as to the intricacies of
his subject. His language evolved into an oddly
eloquent mixture of erudite phrases and pithy slang,
and he learned to exploit the extraordinary talent for
elucidating complex technical matters.

Result of
Oppenheimers
practice
Later students found him to be the
most stimulating lecturer they
had experienced.

Nobel Prize winner Hans Bethe

about Oppenheimer
Probably the most important
ingredient Oppenheimer brought to
his teaching was his exquisite taste.
He always knew what were the
important problems, as shown by his
choice of subjects. He truly lived with
those problems, struggling for a
solution, and he communicated his
concern to the group.

Lise Meitner on Ludwig Boltzmann

(the developer of the statistical treatment of atoms)

Boltzmann had no inhibitions whatsoever about

showing his enthusiasm when he spoke, and this
naturally carried his listeners along. He was fond of
introducing remarks of an entirely personal character
into his lectures.

Lise Meitner on Ludwig Bolzmann

[The lecturing of Boltzmann] was the most
beautiful and stimulating thing I have ever
heard.... He was so enthusiastic about
everything he taught us that one left every
lecture with the feeling that a completely new
and wonderful world had been revealed.

Eve Curie on her mother

Marie Curie
On Monday and Wednesday, my mother was nervous and
agitated from the time she got up. At five oclock on these
days she lectured. After lunch she shut herself into her study in
the Quai de Bthune, prepared the lesson, and wrote the heads
of chapters of her lecture on a piece of white paper. Towards
half-past four she would go to the laboratory and isolate
herself in a little rest room. She was tense, anxious,
unapproachable. Marie had been teaching for twenty-five
years; yet every time she had to appear in the little
amphitheater before twenty or thirty pupils who rose in unison
at her entrance she unquestionably had stage fright.

10 tips to develop confidence in

conference presentations
1. Expect to be nervous
2. Prepare
3. Practice
4. Breathe
5. Rehearse
6. Focus on your audience
7. Simplify
8. Picture success
9. Connect with your audience
10.Pretend to be confident

Advantages and
disadvantages of different
sources
for
speech
Sources
Advantages
Disadvantages
Speaking from points

Credibility earned
Ease of adjusting speech
Eye contact
Natural pace

Wording not exact

Long preparation time

Memorizing

Precision
Smooth delivery
Credibility earned
Eye contact

Potential for disaster

Unnatural pace
Inability to adjust speech
Long preparation time

Reading

Precision
Smooth delivery

Credibility undercut
Lack of eye contact
Unnatural pace
Inability to adjust speech
Long preparation time

Speaking off the cuff

No preparation time
Eye contact
Natural pace

Potential for disaster

Difficulty in organizing
Lack of visual aids

Situations appropriate for

each source of speech
Sources

Situation

Speaking from
points

Conference presentation
Presentation at business meeting
University lecture

Memorizing

First few words of presentation

Short introduction of a speaker

Reading

Press conference
Quotation within a presentation
Complex wording within presentation

Speaking off the

cuff

Answering a question
Asking a question

Voice quality
You should vary your voice, so it can be more
interesting for your audience. You can vary your voice
in at least three ways:
speed: Speak at a normal speed, faster, more slowly, and you
can stop completely! You can also pause to get your audience's
attention.
tone: Change the pitch of your voice. Speak in a high tone or
speak in a low tone.
volume: you can speak at a normal volume, loudly and you
can speak quietly. Lowering your voice and speaking quietly
can attract your audience's interest.

The important point is not to speak in the same, flat voice

throughout your presentation. This will put your audience to sleep.

Face the audience and speak

loudly and clearly
Dont look at your slides makes you to speak to
the screen. This quiets your voice and breaks
your contact with the audience.
Look at slides on your laptop screen in front of
you
If you must look at the main screen, look at it
quickly and then face the audience.
Make simple slides with short text, so you wont
have trouble knowing where you are when you
quickly look at the screen.

Think about your presentation

goals
In conference talks you should have at least two
goals:
1. leave your audience with a clear picture of
your contribution,
2. make them want to read your paper.

Focus on the main points

Your audience is not going to remember details. So, less is
more.
You do not need to provide all the background on how you
reached this interpretation.
You do not need to defend the validity of your idea.
You don't need to give a literature review.
Give short, take-home points that theyll remember. They
can always read your paper later, but if you dont interest
them, they will not read it.
Don't summarize popular ideas.
Don't assume that a critic familiar to you is familiar to
everyone else.
Consider the audience to whom you are speaking.

Think about your audience

Most audiences should be targeted in layers:
some are experts in your specific area,
some are experts in the general area
others know little or nothing.

Who is most important to you? Can you still leave

others with something? For example, target the
body to experts, but make the prediction and
summary to everybody.

Timeline showing presenter reaching

multiple audiences by beginning at
surface of the topic, diving into a
subject, and then surfacing to gather
entire audience.

 Audience attention
Dont try to say too much, use
handouts for all supplemental
materials.
Never go longer than 45 minutes
most peoples maximum attention
span.
If you exceed this limit, youll lose
them at the crucial point; your
conclusion.

Have a timing device

Use a watch or cell phone with a timing
function.
PowerPoints Presenter Tools has a
stopwatch. The problem is remembering to start the
stopwatch at the beginning of your talk.
Develop your sense of timing by always using the
same slide format.
Decide in advance which slides you can skip
As a beginning speaker, dont leave your outline
Dont try to do something unplanned during a talk.
Practice telling a joke or a story and make your
audience think you just thought of it

A short conference talk outline

Title/author/university (1 slide)
Abstract (1 slide) -Give the basic problem and answer.
Outline (1 slide) -Give the talk structure.
Motivation and Problem Statement (1-2 slides)
-Why does anyone care?
Related Work (0-1 slides) -Talk briefly about this, or
you can eliminate this section and refer people to your
paper.
Methods (1 slide) -Cover quickly in short talks and
refer people to your paper.
Results (4-6 slides) -Present key results with
implications. This is the main body of the talk. Do not
cover all the results. Cover the key result well.
Summary (1 slide)
Future Work (0-1 slides)
Backup Slides (0-3 slides)

Using quotes in your speech

If you quote another source, pause and indicate the
quote by saying "quote . . . . . end quote."
Don't use long quotes or quote too much material.
Your audience wants your ideas, not what you have
found from others.
If it is necessary to include long quotes, give the
audience a handout
Read the speech out loud as you revise.
Be careful criticizing other scholars.

 About PowerPoint
PowerPoint saves time compared to writing on the
whiteboard.
Dont use all PowerPoints fades, transitions,
backgrounds and sound effects.

Talk to the audience, not the screen

One of the worst presenter mistakes is to face the
screen while talking. If you do this, the audience will be
looking at your back, and they won't be able to hear
you.

 Prepare for computer problems

many things can go wrong with the computer, the projector,
the software, the connector cables, your USB, or your
presentation.
Dont assume that what works on a PC will work on a Mac.
Dont assume your host will have the same version of
PowerPoint that you do.

Bring backup
Begin making backups several days before the talk.
Use a USB, a CDROM, or some other common format.
Internet backup isn't reliable, you can't be sure you'll have a
connection.

Bring printed notes or outlines

If the computer or the projector dies in the middle of your
talk, you'll have no time to fix it.
Be prepared to deliver your talk without the slides. Bring
printed notes.

Other presentation problems

Someone asks a question about an issue you
plan to discuss later.
Answer the question briefly, and say you plan to go into
detail later.

You lose your thought in mid-sentence.

Smile, say "excuse me" and start again.

You plan to go through a handout page by

page but people are moving ahead of your
speech.

Don't give handouts until after the presentation is over.

Give people a rough idea of where different parts are
located, then people are more likely to stay with you.

Your throat dries out

Roll a tiny piece of paper into a small ball and place it
between your gum and your facial tissue in the back of your
mouth. It will stimulate the flow of saliva.

 Someone starts a private conversation

while you are speaking.
First, ask if there are questions.
Second, ask if you can do anything to clarify.
If they will not stop, continue your presentation
but move nearer to them. Lower your voice or
pause.
Notice your audience and respond to their
needs
Take control of the environment
Distribute copies of your paper

 Conference presenters can use humor to

help the audience:
Remember the main points
See the big picture
Retain information longer
Interact with members of the audience
Present a sensitive idea without the audience
getting angry
Feel free to express themselves
Humor takes practice
You need to make a connection with the
audience by promoting interaction and
openness.
You can develop humor by talking to some of
the audience before the presentation

Inappropriate humor for

conferences:
Dont do the following in conference
presentations:
1. Use prepared jokes that have no connection to your
purpose
2. Read your jokes and stories.
3. Laugh at your own jokes; or start laughing before
you tell them.
4. Announce that you are going to tell a joke; and
apologize if it is bad.
5. Criticize the audience for not laughing.
6. Tell stories that make fun of others or make them
look bad.
7. Act like you are better than others.
8. Use humor that the audience may not understand.
9. Embarrass people.
10.Tell dirty stories.

Using PowerPoint at
Conferences

Dont Write Everything

and Read
Your PowerPoint presentation should:

Clarify ideas
Emphasize key points
Show relationships
Provide visual information to ensure the
audience understands your message

Slides Should be Short

Slides help you, and your audience, follow
the flow of the talk.
Not too full: 6 lines of text per slide is
enough; 9 lines is a lot; 12 lines is
unreadable.
Bullet points should be a few words, not
complete sentences.
If you need more space, use more slides.

Use Big Type

.
Change the font size in the Preferences of the
browser, when using a web presentation.

Determining Font Size

Your audience may be look at the

screen from 70 feet away.
Fonts should be 24 points or larger

Choosing a Font

From a distance, youll notice that the serif

(Times) font and the narrow or condensed font
are more difficult to read. Dont sacrifice
readability for style. Your job is to communicate.

Use the Correct Font for

Easy Reading
For handouts or take-home material, use
a serif font.
For projecting on a screen, using a slide,
overhead or multimedia projector, use a
sans serif font. Because serif fonts can
look fuzzy when projected.

 Choosing a color
Yellow with black letters is considered the most
readable.

Color blindness
Unwanted light affects color contrast by turning
dark reds and greens much lighter.
About 10% of people have difficulty with reds and
greens.

Use contrasting colors

A dark background with light text is easily readable

Use drop shadows
Avoid busy backgrounds
Avoid using red text
AVOID ALL CAPS!

Choose White or Light

Colored Slide
Backgrounds
Dark text on light colored slides can
usually be read with lights on.
Avoid dark images that wont show up
well on a screen.
Be aware that sunlight shining directly on
your screen will make it less visible.

Presenting with Charts

Simplify charts
Changing the chart format
How do you know when to use which chart? That
depends on how well youve stated the message.
Your heading should always tell people what you
want them to look for on a chart.

Choosing the chart

Once you have an action statement as a
heading, look at the verbs in the statement to
get an idea of the best chart to use to present
your data.

 Showing Change Over Time

Line chart

Look for a key word

Grow
Decline
Trends

Line charts are best when a variable has more

than four or five data point.
The slope of the line quickly tells the audience
the direction of the trends.

 Comparing Items at One Point in

Time
Look for a key word

Ranks
Compares
Highest profit
The lowest interest rate
The most products sold
Rank variables from largest to smallest

Bar chart

Bar charts are often the best way to compare a set of

individual items or several sets of related items.
The bars length corresponds to its ranking; the bars
label identifies the item.

 Comparing Parts of a Whole

Look for key words

Percentage
Portion
Share

The number of pie slices should not be

more than five, and each slice should be
easy to see and interpret.

Pie chart

 Comparing Data by
Geographic Location

Look for key words

Country
Area

Segmented bar chart

Distinguish among regions by using

different colors, shadings, or symbols.

Additional Tips for Graphs and

Charts
1. Show one message per chart. Make the message the
heading.
2. Make the chart easy to read. Make the most important text
largest, the most important data lines or sections darkest.
3. Be accurate. Always start a numerical axis at zero. Compare
only like variables.
4. Eliminate all unnecessary details.
5. Use no more than four colors per visual.
6. To focus attention, use color, shading, or images such as
arrows to highlight key words or concepts.
7. Write in upper and lower case. Words written in all capitals
letters are hard to read.
8. Make bars and columns wider than the spaces between
them.

Dont Get too Technical

The more advanced the technology, the
more likely there are to be technical
problems. Speakers often come in at the
last minute and are completely destroyed
when their equipment doesnt work. It
creates panic for everyone. Always send a
copy of your presentation to the
conference office in advance so it can be
loaded and tested.

Dont Apologize for

Errors
Dont apologize for poor English speaking,
it wastes time and adds no value to your
talk. Dont comment on spelling,
grammatical, or other mechanical errors in
your presentation. Most of the audience
wont notice unless you apologize.

Buy a Laser Pointer and

Wireless Mouse
They are inexpensive, and are extremely
useful. It is helpful to be able to change
pages from across the room and point
out key graphs and charts.

The Last Thing on Your

PowerPoint
At the end of your presentation while
answering questions, leave up a contact
info slide containing your name, e-mail,
address, and website URL related to the
talk if you have one.

Handling Q&A

Why Are Questions and

Answers Important?
Questions and answers are important for several
reasons:

Get attention
Create interest
Get feedback
Make points easy to remember
Create audience interaction
Promote new thoughts

To get comfortable with Q&A sessions and questions,

start asking questions throughout your
presentations.

Before the Presentation

Prepare for criticism by telling your ideas
to a critical friend.
Bring a list of references when answering
questions.
Take notes of questions and suggestions.
Dont be afraid to say you dont know the
answer to a particular question.
If you are using slides, save several slides
and use them to answer expected
questions.

At the End of the

Presentation

There are two endings to a presentation with a

final Q&A session.
Example:

At this point, I want to get your opinion on this

approach. This side of the room first.

The second close is after the questions to

summarize the main points of your
presentation.
Example:

As you can see from the questions and comments,

this topic is confusing and we dont have all the
answers but here is what you can do for now...

After the Presentation

Sometimes question time is so exciting
that you cant answer all the questions
with the time you have. Tell people ways
to contact you and when and how you will
respond. Think of ways to share these
questions and answers with all members
of the audience through an e-mail list or
Web site.

12 Ways to Encourage
Audience Questions
1. Announce the question session in an open,
conversational way.
2. Design questions into your content and delivery:
Title: Why Knowledge Management? and Why
Now?
Opening: What is the biggest problem facing
researchers today?
Content: My presentation is about four key
questions.
Ending: Considering these facts, how can you not
act?

 3. Ask a question, pause and then give the

answer yourself.
4. Bring up questions you have been asked by
other audience.
5. Let the audience know in the beginning there
is a Q&A session, and when it is and how
long it is.
6. Provide a seating arrangement where the
audience
can see each other.
7. List questions in the presentation
announcement or brochure.
8. Provide a white board for the audience to
write a question at any time. Start your Q&A
session by
answering these questions.

 9. Pass out paper for the audience to submit

their
questions. They may forget what they
were
going to ask earlier. This is often used
at public
meetings and when the audience
is large.
10.
Dont ask for feedback and then start
to pack up
your laptop or your notes. This
sends the clear
signal that you are done
and ready to go.
11.
Arrange for someone in the audience
to ask the
first question to start the process.
12.
Ask yourself what questions you hope
no one asks and then prepare to answer them.

Why Do People Ask

Questions?

Because they want to know the answer

Because they want to make a point
To impress the audience
To see if you know the answer
To see how you handle questions and the stress
To attack your methodology
To make you look bad (for example, if they are
competing with you for a job)
Some ask questions that are in fact a personal
attack (but not often)

 Dont let an interesting but unrelated

question start you on a new speech.
Dont let your presentation continue on
thinking the Q&A time is extra time for
your presentation.
Consider questions as an honor your
presentation. Good ideas create questions.
Boring presentations make people leave.

3 Step Template for

Answering Questions
1. Listen to the entire question before you
answer
2. Thank each person for asking the
question.
3. Then follow the template below.

RepeatRespondReview

Additional Tips on
Handling Questions
Ask people to stand up when they ask a
question. This does two things:
1. It shows you who is asking the question
2. Makes it easier for the audience to hear
the
question

What If You Dont Know

the Answer?
Suggest someone in the audience more qualified
answer the question. Professor M. has studied this
extensively.
Delay, Thats a good question...
Ask a question: Can you clarify what you mean?
Admit you dont know but will research it for them.
Repeat the question in a different way: Is this what
you are asking? [Then say a question you can
answer]
If you dont have a good answer after these
delaying tactics, say: Lets talk about that after my
talk.

What If You Can Think of

Nothing to Say?
1. Smile: People always like people who
smile.
2. Tell a story: Stories take time and you can
be thinking about your next point.
3. Change the topic of the question to
something you know about.
If you dont know the answer to a question,
than answer a different question.

What If You Dont

Understand the Question
Because of the Speakers
Poor English?

If you dont understand the English, ask the

speaker to repeat the question.
If the questioner still asks and you still dont
understand, say, Great question, but it quite
specific to your field and does not concern
everyone here, see me after the talk and we
can go into more detail about it.
Quickly move to another question or
conclude your session.

What If Someone Keeps

Interrupting You While
You Are Talking?
If its just a clarifying question and its
short, answer it and keep speaking.
If somebody keeps making long, loud
comments, or begins to argue with you
in the middle of your talk. This can be
very stressful, especially if you are a
grad student or new professor.

Dont Let Your Time Get

Wasted
Speech times dont get extended for time
wasted by the audience. You need to
develop a strategy for keeping control. The
best ways to do this follow.
look at whoever is chairing the conference
session, or your sponsor at a job talk.
you can wait politely for a pause in the attack,
and then say as calmly as possible something
like: Thank you for your comment. Id like to
respond, but if you dont mind Id like to wait
for the question period.

Your Final Solution to An

Attacking Attendee
You need to say loudly but firmly, as
strongly as you can: Sir, please allow
me to finish my talk.
Then, proceed and ignore further
interruptions from that person.

Remain After Your

Presentation Session
Be available to answer additional
questions if you can.
Make notes about the questions,
suggestions, new thoughts you can use
these comments to improve a paper for
publication and your reviewers may be in
the audience.

Notes

Isaac Asimov, Foreword to Linus Pauling: A Man and His Science, Anthony Serafini (San Jose:
to Excel, 2000), p. xiv.
Michael White and John Gribbin, Einstein: A Life in Science (New York: Penguin, 1995), pp.
164165.
Ruth Sime, Lise Meitner: A Life in Physics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996), pp.
9697.
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