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Fluids statics
The general rules of statics (as applied in solid mechanics)
apply to fluids at rest. From earlier we know that:
a static fluid can have no shearing force acting on it,
any force between the fluid and the boundary must be acting
at right angles to the boundary.
The forces on any fluid particle are the result of gravity and
pressure only. ( we are neglecting surface tension and
assuming that no electromagnetic forces act on the fluid)
Pascal Law
2. The values of the pressure acting at any point in a fluid at rest are equal
regardless of its direction.
Hydraulic press
Hydrostatics
p = tekanan absolut
Pressure in liquid
Need additional
information, e.g., T(z)
for atmosphere
Troposphere
Per. 2.26
g
z R
p po 1
T0
Per. 2.27
Stratosphere
Temperature constant
T=Tc=216,7 K=319,1 R
Zc=11 km (36000ft)
Pc=22600 Pa (3,28 lb/in2)
p pc e
g z zc
RTc
Per 2.24
Ionosphere
DISCONTINUM FLUID
Pressure Measurement
Barometers
A barometer is a device for
measuring atmospheric pressure. A
simple barometer consists of a tube
more than 30 inch (760 mm) long
inserted in an open container of
mercury with a closed and
evacuated end at the top and open
tube end at the bottom and with
mercury
extending
from
the
container up into the tube.
Pressure Gauges
There are two types pressure measurement :
1. Tube gauges : a. piezometer tube b. manometer tube
2. Mechanical gauge : bourdon manometer
Pressure Measurement
1. Tube gauges
a. piezometer tube
This method can only be used for liquids (i.e.
not for gases) and only when the liquid height is
convenient to measure (just positive pressure).
It must not be too small or too large and
pressure changes must be detectable.
p A gh1
Pressure Measurement
b. Manometers
A somewhat more complicated device for measuring fluid pressure
consists of a bent tube containing one or more liquid of different specific
gravities
Manometers - Various forms
1. Simple U - tube Manometer : a. positive, b negative
2. Deferential Manometer
3. Inverted Differential U - tube Manometer
4. Micrometers Manometer
a. U - tube with one leg enlarged,
b Two leg enlarged U - tube Manometer,
c. Inclined U - tube Manometer
p A p AB p D pCD
p A p D man gh2 1 gh1
pressure gauge
p A man gh2 1 gh1
pa pl gL l gh man gh l gL pb
p1 p2 gH
p1 p2 gH , gh
D1 d 2 h H
p1 p2 gH
p1 p2 gh
Inclined Micromanometer
p1 p2 gH
The sensitivity to pressure change can be increased further by a greater inclination of the
manometer arm; alternatively the density of the manometer fluid may be changed.
Mechanical Gauge
Bourdon Gauge