Name- Anshul grover

Roll_No-08

Cryptography is concerned with keeping

communications private.
Today governments use sophisticated
methods of coding and decoding messages.
One type of code, which is extremely
difficult to break, makes use of a large
matrix to encode a message.
The receiver of the message decodes it using
the inverse of the matrix. This first matrix is
called the encoding matrix and its inverse is
called the decoding matrix.

Assign a number to each letter in the

alphabet with out a blank space
A=1

E=5

I=9

M = 13

Q = 17

U = 21

B=2

F=6

J = 10

N = 14

R = 18

V = 22

C=3

G=7

K = 11

O = 15

S = 19

W = 23

D=4

H=8

L = 12

P = 16

T = 20

X = 24

Space = 27

Y = 25
Z = 26

To encode CLEAR NOW , break the message

into groups of 2 letters & spaces each.
CL EA R_ NO W_
Convert the block of 2-letter into a 2 x 1
matrix each

3

12

5

1

18

27

14

15

23

27

To encode a message, choose a 2x2 matrix A

that has an inverse and multiply A on the left
to each of the matrices.

2 0
If A = 1 1 , the product of A and the

matrices give
6
15

10
36 28 46
6 45 29 50

The message received will appear as

6 15 10 6 36 45 28 29 46 50

If you dont know the matrix used, decoding

would be very difficult. When a larger
matrix is used, decoding is even more
difficult. But for an authorized receiver who
knows the matrix A, decoding is simple.

1 1 0
A

2 0 1 2
1

For example,

0
2

1 1

0
2
6 3

1 1 15
12

The receiver only needs to multiply the

matrices by A-1 on the left to obtain the
sequence of numbers.
The message will be retrieved with reference
to the table of letters.

Polygraphic Systems

Polygraphic systems encode a group of plain sequence letters.

This scrambles the frequencies and allows for more than one
representation of a plain sequence character. The digraphic
system is the simplest polygraphic system. It uses a 2 x 2 coding
matrix to replace pairs of plain sequence characters. A square
matrix of any size may be chosen as a coding matrix. The larger
the coding matrix the more complex the system of cryptography.
The examples in this unit use a trigraphic system. A 3 x 3 matrix
is chosen as the coding matrix. The choice of the matrix is
arbitrary. The only constraint is that the coding matrix must have
an inverse.Therefore, we have added a space and two
punctuation marks to the standard alphabet to create our plain
sequence. The plain sequence and its numerical representations
are

For the message,

Imagination is mo, we
will encode groups of
three letters. This
system is called
trigraphing.
TO ENCODE A MESSAGE
First, choose a coding
matrix. (Be sure the
matrix is 3x3 and has an
inverse.)

References

https://www.nsa.gov/academia/_files/colle
cted_learning/high_school/algebra/matrices
_secret_weapon.pdf
http://gr9mathematics.wikispaces.com/file/
view/Cryptography+Using+Matrices+in+Real+
Life

THANK YOU