AGR 100

Food Security
In the Food, Fiber, and Natural
Resource Industry

UNIT II.
THE FOOD AND FIBER
INDUSTRY IN A GLOBAL
SETTING

What is Society ?
A body of individuals living as
members of a community.

What is Technology ?
The application of knowledge
for practical needs. The sum
of the ways in which a social
group provide themselves with
the material objects of their
civilization.

What is Science ?
Systematic knowledge of the
physical or material world
gained through observation
and experimentation.

Technology & Society: The Debate

Society should control
technology gains and curtail
destructive tendencies
Additional technology gains will
cure societys ills

Food For Thought:

He who takes the middle of
the road is likely to get
crushed
by two rickshaws.

Benefits of Technology
Has made work easier
Has increased productivity
Has resulted in a higher
standard of living

What is Agriculture?
SURVEY OF THE PEOPLE SAYS

FARMING

Agriculture
ON FARM: GROWING AND HARVESTING
OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS
OFF FARM: PROVIDING INPUTS - SEED,
FERTILIZER, LABOR, CAPITOL ETC.
HANDLING OUTPUTS TRANSPORTING,
PROCESSING, SELLING, ETC.

Agriculture Is:
THE LARGEST INDUSTRY IN THE U.S. AND
ACCOUNTS FOR 13% OF THE GROSS
NATIONAL PRODUCT.
Each $1 earned stimulates another $1.32
being generated.
THE MOST ESSENTIAL HUMAN PURSUIT
AND ONE OF THE MOST COMPLEX AND
CONFOUNDING.

FOOD AND FIBER (Agriculture)

ARE ESSENTIAL FOR SURVIVAL;

HAVE ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS;
HAVE RELIGIOUS, CULTURAL AND
SOCIAL FUNCTIONS;
AND HAVE POLITICAL IMPACT.

FOOD AND POPULATION:

THE CHALLENGE
By the year 2050, global population is
predicted to go to 9 to 11 billion people
Can we meet their most basic need
the need for food ---to meet the basic
caloric and protein needs and the
increased demands for those with
money?

FOOD AND POPULATION:

THE CHALLENGE
How and where will that food be
grown?
Are current food production methods
and environmental protection
compatible?
Are the foods were bringing home from
the supermarket safe? Those 60,000
items

http://www.afaceaface.org/home/a
4038513/public_html/blog/wpcontent/uploads/2011/01/printableworld-map-proportion-wik-worldmap-300x250.jpg

Africa
One out of every three people in
Sub-Sahara Africa is undernourished.
High government debt burdens,
inadequate funding for health and
education, pervasive poverty, poor
agricultural productivity, weak public
institutions and the AIDS pandemic
all are major causes

FOOD AND POPULATION:

THE CHALLENGE
THOMAS MALTHUS 1798 PREDICTED
FOOD SUPPLY WOULD INCREASE IN
AN ARITHMETIC RATIO
POPULATION WOULD INCREASE IN A
GEOMETRIC RATIO

FOOD AND POPULATION:

THE CHALLENGE

FAMINES:
1943----INDIA---2-4 MILLION DEATHS--EXCESS RAINS
1959-61-CHINA---30 million deaths-inadequate production
1969---BIAFRA---200,000 DEATHS------CIVIL
WAR
1970---AFRICA---200,000 DEATHS-----DROUGHT
2011---SOMALI750,000?--------------CIVIL
WAR/DROUGHT

RESULTS
POOR REGIONAL PRODUCTION
AND DISTURBUTION
(DUE TO ECONOMICS OR
INFRASTRUCTURE)
1/5 ? OF HUMANITY GOING
HUNGRY.

HUNGER PICTURE
PopWorld
vs Food
Pop Clock
World POPULATION
6.96 BILLION (9/11/11)
6.99 Billion (3/11/12)
9 to 11 BILLION BY 2050 est
US Pop Clock
312,191,561 million (9/11/11)
313,165,345 million (3/11/12)
to 400+ by 2050
http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html

United States World

9/9/11
11-Sep-11

312,191,561
313,165,374

6,960,000,000
6,999,846,983

0.996890419 0.994307449

WORLD POPULATION
1AD
1650
1850
1980
1993
1999
20126,999,427,737

250,000,000
500,000,000
1,000,000,000
4,400,000,000
5,500,000,000
6,000,000,000

76,923,076 per yr x 38 = 2.9 or 10B plus

so ???

Comparison of Population and

Food Production Increase but
affected by food crops being fuel

DAYS OF FOOD (worldwide)

1960---------104 DAYS
1974-----------41
1983-----------68
1995-----------40
2010-----------30 est.

THIRD WORLD
ABSOLUTE POVERTY- 1 OUT OF 5
PEOPLE ON EARTH MAKING
SURVIVAL INCONSISTENT WITH A
WHOLESOME ENVIRONMENT,
DEMEANING TO HUMAN DIGNITY,
AND CONTRIBUTING TO POLITICAL
AND ECONOMIC INSECURITIES.

SOCIAL CHALLENGES
REFUGEE AND MIGRATION
EAST GERMANS, VIETNAMESE,
TURKS,
AFRICANS, HAITIANS, AND
MEXICANS.
http://www.refugeesinternational.org

OTHER CONTROVERSIES
INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES

18% of WORLD POPULATION

62% of WORLD WEALTH
(U.S. 5% of WORLD POPULATION 25% of WORLD
WEALTH)

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

50% of WORLD POPULATION

15% of WORLD WEALTH
(25% of DEVELOPING COUNTRIES USE 80% OF
THEIR RESOURCES)

Film:
Immigration by the Numbers
with Roy Beck see UTUBE
http://www.balancedpolitics.org/i
mmigration.htm

American Agricultures Contribution to world food Security

MISC. INFORMATION
U.S. FARMER STORES 58% OF
WORLDS SUPPLY OF GRAINS
IN U.S., WE SPEND 10-15% OF
INCOME ON FOOD OTHERS SPEND
50%.
www://www.ers.usda.gov/amberwav
es/

The USDA recently

updated its data on Food expenditures as a
share of disposable personal income, and
reported that in 2009, Americans spent 9.47
% of their disposable income on food (5.55%
on food at home and 3.93% on food away fro
m home). The share of income spent on food
last year was just slightly higher than th
e 9.42% in 2008, whichis the all-time reco
rd low (see top chart above).

http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/CPIFoodAndExpenditures/Data/Expenditures_tables/table8.htm
Table 8Food expenditures by families and individuals as a share of disposable personal money income

Expendituresforfood

Year

Disposablepersonal
moneyincome

Billion dollars

Billion dollars

1929

79.4

1939

AwayfromHome

Total

Percent

Percent

Percent

15.3

19.3

3.4

22.7

66.4

11.8

17.8

3.7

21.5

1949

178.4

32.2

18.1

4.2

22.3

1959

323.4

48.9

15.1

3.6

18.8

1970

645.7

73.7

11.4

3.9

15.3

1980

1,639.8

170.8

10.4

4.9

15.4

1990

3,606.6

297.2

8.2

4.8

13.0

2000

6,065.7

412.4

6.8

4.7

11.5

2005

7,446.2

500.2

6.7

4.9

11.7

2006

7,978.4

517.5

6.5

4.9

11.4

2007

8,352.5

544.9

6.5

4.9

11.4

2008

8,719.7

568.0

6.5

4.8

11.3

2009

8,529.2

549.5

6.4

4.9

11.4

2010

8,678.6

559.0

6.4

5.0

11.4

Totalmaynotaddduetorounding.

Athome1

http://www.creditlo
an.com/infographic
s/wpcontent/uploads/20
10/10/Where_mone
y_goes_02.jpg

LAND AVAILABILITY world

TOTAL = 13 BILLION HECTARES (H.)
1/3 IS CROPS (CULT) OR
PASTURE
1/3 IS FOREST
1/3 IS DESERT OR

URBANIZED

LAND AVAILABILITY

GLOBAL CHANGES IN LAND

SINCE 1981
CULT. AREAS HAVE FALLEN BY 7%
12 MILLION H. LOST TO EROSION,
DESERTIFICATION, AND
TOXIFICATION
URBANIZATION

DEFORESTATION: 11 M. H.
PER YEAR
DUE TO
SUBSISTENCE FARMING,
DEMANDS FOR FUEL,
AND FOR FIBER.

WORLD GRAIN HARVESTED

YEAR

AREA
HARVEST

AREA/PERSO
N (HECTARES)

(MIL.HECTARES)

1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000

587
639
663
722
694
674

.23
.21
.18
.16
.13
.11

FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO

SOIL EROSION

Human activity such as plowing or

construction
Water erosion
Wind erosion
Natural events

Soil Productivity: Top soil

How does soil erosion affect food
production?

Loss of soil nutrients and ability to

hold water
Plants/crops unable to grow and thrive

Plant nutrient reduction

Animals unable to grow and thrive

SOLUTIONS
SOIL CONSERVATION PRACITCES

Contour planting
Crop rotation
Terracing
Grassed strips
Diversion ditches
Strip cropping (Fallowing)
Vegetative covers

The
Moldboard Plow-history
Early civilization observed crops more
productive if soil loose.
Plow evolved from pointed stick pulled through
soil (4000 BC) to... Egyptians adding a wood
triangle to the stick (3000 BC) to... Isrealites
using iron............
1600s Europeans to north America, brought
plow with them

PLANTERS

25 %

75 %

50 %

90 %

Strip
cropping

WATER RESOURCES ARE

LIMITED THROUGHOUT
THE WORLD
IN China 90% of household
sewage is released into rivers
without being treated.
IN US EPA says that 40% RIVERS
TOO POLLUTED FOR RECREATION

AGR IS LARGEST WATER

USER
85% OF FRESH WATER IS USED FOR
PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING OF
FOOD AND FIBER

IMPACT
1/3 OF WORLD FOOD IS GROWN
ON THE 18% OF CROP LAND THAT
IS IRRIGATED.
OGALLALA AQUIFER (RESERVOIR
FROM NEB.-TEXAS) HAS DROPPED
BY 100 FT. SINCE 1950.

SOLUTIONS
RETURN TO DRY LAND AGR IS
BEING DONE (FALLOWING).
CONSIDERATION OF DIVERTING
MORE FROM RIVERS.
RESEARCH FOR MORE OUTPUT
WITH LESS INPUTS

U.N. Report Jan 22, 2001

Global Temperature could rise by
as much as 10 degree over the
next century, triggering droughts,
floods and other disasters

Global Warming
Natural Effects:
Sun Spots
Unknown causes ocean currents

Man Made:
Greenhouse effects captured gases

http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/images/last2000large.jpg

The Greenhouse Effect

Warming of the earths surface, often
attributed to the buildup of certain
materials and gases, such as carbon
dioxide, in the air
Carbon dioxide collects in the atmosphere
and traps infrared radiation near the earth
(the radiation would otherwise escape
into higher levels of the atmosphere)

The Greenhouse Effect

Ozone layer

A protective layer of triatomic oxygen in the

stratosphere
This layer filters out harmful radiation from
the sun.

Ozone layer damage

Most of the damage is attributed to materials

known as CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons).

The Greenhouse Effect

CFCs have been used as propellants in
aerosol sprays
hair spray and spray-on deodorant
coolants in air conditioners
Substitutes for CFCs have been developed and
are no longer widely used

Air quality?

EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)

Set standards for maximum amount of pollution
allowed in ambient air

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

Carbon Dioxide and Other Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Missouri in 1990

Division of Energy Inventory Report Summary

Greenhouse Gas

Overall percent In the last 200 years the Warming Potential

of emissions global concentration has (greater than CO2)

Source of Greenhouse Gas Emissions

fossilfuelcombustion,cementmanufacture,other

usesoflimestone,&industrialusesofpetroleum
ornaturalgasthatdidnotrequirecombustion

CarbonDioxide(CO2)

85.50%

Methane(CH4)

10.60%

increased200%

22x

landfills&livestock

NitrousOxide(N2O)

2.30%

increased8%

270x

comingfromfertilizers&motorvehicles

PerfluorinatedCarbons(PFC's)

1.60%

didnotexist200yrsago

5400x

manmadegasescreatedduringdisruptions
inthealuminumsmeltingprocess

Recycling
Reuse of a product or the waste
materials in making the product.

Remanufacturing making a used

product into another product
Reusing using a product again
without remanufacturing

Precycling
Reducing the amount of trash you create by making
environmentally sound decisions at the store, at
home, at school and at work.
By precycling, you

reduce costs for waste collection, transportation and

disposal
enjoy lower product costs
save natural resources
extend the life of our landfills

GREENBELT REGIONS

Approx. 20-50oN & 20-50oS

Latitude

GREEN BELT / POPULATION

CENTERS
WILL THE ENVIRONMENT CHANGE THE
GREEN BELT?
SOLUTIONS?
Change policies to lower amount of emissions
Research/Technology
Fossil fuel combustion, cement
manufacture, industrial uses of petroleum,
landfills, livestock, motor vehicles, recycling,
etc.

OPTIMISM:
RESEARCH AND EDUCATION TO
BETTER:
UTILIZE LIGHT, WATER, NUTRIENTS,
AND PEST CONTROLLLING AGENTS
HARVEST, STORAGE, MARKET,
PROCESS, PACKAGE, AND
DISTRIBUTE AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTS

ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS
ON FOOD
GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT (GNP)
U.S. (FIRST COUNTRIES/INDUSTRIAL)
- $20,000 GNP/PERSON
($2000/PERSON SPENT ON FOOD)
MEXICO (SECOND WORLD) - $2,000
GNP/PERSON
INDIA (THIRD) - $200 ($140/PERSON
SPENT ON FOOD)

MOST ADVANCED SOCIETIES:

HIGH TECHNOLOGY,
HIGH LITERACY,
SIZABLE SCIENTIFICALLY TRAINED,
REMOVED FROM AGR (EXCEPT FOR MEAL
TIMES!)
MORE PROCESSED AND ADVERTIZED
FOODS
(EXAMPLE: $1 LOAF OF BREAD - $0.05
WHEAT)

OPTIMISM:
RESEARCH AND EDUCATION TO BETTER:
UTILIZE LIGHT, WATER, NUTRIENTS,
AND PEST.
CONTROLLLING AGENTS; HARVESTING;
STORAGE;
MARKETING; PROCESSING; PACKAGING;
AND
DISTRIBUTING.

TRANSITION OF
AGRICULTURE IN THE U.S.
LARGE FARMS ARE PROSPERING
SMALL, PART TIME FARMS ARE
SURVIVING DUE TO OFF
FARM INCOME
MID-SIZED FARMS ARE IN
TRANSITION

FARM PRODUCTION
(CROPS)
U.S. LARGE FARMS

($500,000 SALES) PURCHASE INPUTS

ABOUT 10% LOWER AND SELL FOR
5% HIGHER
GROW (most) OF THE NATIONS
CROPS AND MAKE UP (most) OF THE
FARM PROFITS.

FACTORS AFFECTING
RURAL DEVELOPMENT
1. LARGER LAND UNITS
2. EXPECTED STANDARD OF LIVING
3. DIVERSIFICATION - MORE THAT
AGR.

ADVANTAGES OF RURAL VS
URBAN LIVING?
SECURITY, COST, TRANS, FOOD,
INDEPENDENCE
WHEN INCOME IN RURAL AMERICA
IS 90% OF CITY DWELLERS
THERE IS STABLITY

FREE MARKET
USERS
RISK TAKERS BUY AND SELL ON
FUTURES

Subsidized and Tariffs by

Governments:

FARM BILL

FOOD SECURITY ACT TO HELP ENSURE A

STEADY SOURCE OF CHEAP FOOD FROM
WITH-IN BORDERS.

WHY IS FRANCE SO WILLING TO SUBSIDIZE ITS

FARMERS?
Why does Japan have such high Tariffs on Beef?

Budget and Agriculture

Food Security Act Farm Bill
4% of Total Fed Budget
.06% of Total went to farmers
direct payments + safety net.
63% of the $62B goes to Food
Stamps

Country Exports Imports Total Trade Trade

Balance Canada 248.8 276.5 525.3 -27.7
China 91.9 364.9 456.8 -273 Mexico 163.3
229.7 393 -66.4 Japan 60.5 120.3 180.9 -59.8
Germany 48.2 82.7 130.9 -34.5 United
Kingdom 48.5 49.8 98.3 -1.3 South Korea 38.8
48.9 87.7 -10.1 France 27 38.6 65.6 -11.6
Taiwan 26 35.9 61.9 -9.9 Brazil 35.4 29.3 59.3
6.1 Netherlands 35 19 54 16 India 19.2 29.5
48.8 -10.3 Singapore 29.1 17.5 46.6 11.6
Venezuela 10.7 32.8 43.4 -22.1 Saudi Arabia
11.6 31.4 43 -19.8

ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS
ON FOOD

GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT (GNP)

U.S. (FIRST COUNTRIES) - $20,000
GNP/PERSON
($2000/PERSON SPENT ON FOOD)
MEXICO (SECOND) - $2,000
GNP/PERSON
India (THIRD) - $200
($140/PERSON SPENT ON FOOD)

MOST ADVANCED SOCIETIES:

HIGH TECHNOLOGY,
HIGH LITERACY,
SIZABLE SCIENTIFICALLY TRAINED,
REMOVED FROM AGR (EXCEPT FOR MEAL
TIMES!)
MORE PROCESSED AND ADVERTIZED
FOODS
(EXAMPLE: $1 LOAF OF BREAD - $0.05
WHEAT)

GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TRADE

AND TARIFFS(GATT)
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO)

1. REMOVE DISTORTIONS OF
GOVERNMENT INTERFERENCE IN
AGR TRADE.
2. REDUCE WASTE OF SCARCE
RESOURCES.

IMPACT OF AMERICAN
AGRICULTURE ON GLOBAL
PRODUCTION
FOOD
NEARLY 40% OF HARVESTED ACRES IN
THE U.S. ARE DEVOTED TO EXPORT.

THE U.S. PROVIDES MORE THAN

50% OF THE CORN AND SOYBEANS

40% OF THE WHEAT AND
25% OF THE RICE TRADED.

NORTH AMERICA FREE

TRADE AGREEMENT
(NAFTA) - REMOVES TRADE
BARRIERS IN N. AMERICA.
1. INCREASE FARM (EXCEPT VEG.)
INCOME?
2. INCREASE/DECREASE U.S. JOBS?
3. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT?
4. FOOD SAFETY STANDARDS?

Trade: More with Canada (even though they have

small population) than with Mexico
Country
Canada
China
Mexico

Exports Imports Total Trade

Trade Balance

248.8 276.5 525.3 -27.7

91.9 364.9 456.8 -273
163.3 229.7 393
-66.4

Balance of Trade in Ag. Prod.

With the productivity of U.S.
agriculture growing faster than
domestic food and fiber demand,
U.S. farmers and agricultural firms
rely heavily on export markets to
sustain prices and revenues.
Exports have exceeded imports by
a large margin since 1973.

WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO)

GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TRADE AND
TARIFFS(GATT)

1. REMOVE DISTORTIONS OF
GOVERNMENT INTERFERENCE
IN AGR TRADE.
2. REDUCE WASTE OF SCARCE
RESOURCES.

WTO/GATT
U.S. PROPOSED TO DO AWAY WITH
AGR SUBSIDIES AND TO
STANDARDIZE HEALTH REGULATIONS
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ARE
SEEKING PREFERENTIAL ACCESS TO
PATENTS, COPYRIGHTS, AND
COMPUTER SOFTWARE.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY (EC)

LARGEST TRADING BLOCK IN THE
WORLD - 20% OF THE WORLD TRADE
VS. 14% FOR U.S.
EC BANNED THE IMPORTATION OF
U.S. BEEF WHICH HAD BEEN
TREATED ARTIFICIALLY WITH
HORMONES AND ON GENETICALLY
MODIFIED CROPS

U.S. PUBLIC LAW 480 (FOOD

FOR PEACE) - 1954
FOOD AID FOR EMERGENCIES - 20%
FOOD AID FOR SUBSTITUTION OF
FINANCIAL SUPPORT - - 80%

ARGUMENTS AGAINST
FOOD AID:
REDUCES THE PRESSURE ON
RECIPIENTS TO MAKE POLICY REFORMS
FOOD AID POLICY IS UNRELIABLE DEPENDS UPON SURPLUSES
PROMOTES A SHIFT IN FOOD
CONSUMPTION PATTERNS AWAY FROM
INDIGENOUS FOODS
FREES MONEY TO BE USED FOR OTHER
ITEMS INCLUDING ARMS AND LUXURIES.

ARGUMENTS FOR FOOD

AID:
1.HELP PEOPLE / PREVENTS
STARVATION
ARE WE OUR BROTHERS
KEEPER?
2. BUY FRIENDS?
3. GETS RID OF SURPLUS WITHIN
BORDERS

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
FOR
THIRD
WORLD
THE GREEN REVOLUTION - THE TERM THAT

U.S. AID COINED IN 1968 TO THE

DEVELOPMENT OF WHEAT AND RICE
VARIETIES AND TECHNOLOGY THAT WAS
TRANSFERRED TO INDIA ETC. THAT
DOUBLED - TRIPLED YIELDS AT A TIME
THAT POP. DOUBLED.
NORMAN BORLAUG - 1970 - RECEIVED THE
NOBEL PEACE PRIZE - FOR HIS WORK
WITH DEVELOPING NEW VARIETIES.

CONTROVERSIES:

SAVED MILLIONS FROM STARVATION

BUT CHANGED THEM TO CASH VS. FOOD

CROPS

And SUSTAINABLE VS. INDUSTRIAL AGR.

POP. CONTROL DIFFICULT

RELIGION
TRADITION
EDUCATION
SECURITY

STATE OF WOMEN

1/2 POP.
2/3 PHYSICAL LABOR
1/10 INCOME
1/100 PROPERTY

VICTIMS
SELECTIVE ABORTIONS
DOWRY
FREEDOMS
VIOLENCE

U.S. ADVANTAGES
1. RIVERS AND TRANSPORTATION
2. LOCATION IN WORLD
CLIMATE
WATER
TEMPERATURE
3. SOIL TYPES - - NEW RESOURCE
4. ECONOMY

U.S. ADVANTAGES
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

GOVERNMENT - - STABLE
EMPTY
EDUCATION
PEOPLE - - SALAD BOWL
TECHNOLOGY