WELCOME……..

TO
SEMINAR
 SOLAR POWER &
PHOTOVOLTAICS
SOLAR POWER & PHOTOVOLTAICS
INTRODUCTION
1.SOLARPOWER

Solar power (also known as solar

energy) is a source of energy that uses
radiation emitted by the Sun. It is a
renewable energy source that has been
used in many traditional technologies
for centuries. It is also in widespread
use where other power supplies are
absent, such as in remote locations and
in space.
 2.SOLAR RADIATION
Solar radiation reaches the Earth's upper atmosphere at a rate of 1366 watts per
square meter (W/m2).[1] The first map shows how the solar energy varies in different
latitudes.
While traveling through the atmosphere, 6% of the incoming solar radiation
(insolation) is reflected and 16% is absorbed resulting in a peak irradiance at the
equator of 1,020 W/m².[2] Average atmospheric conditions (clouds, dust, pollutants)
further reduce insolation by 20% through reflection and 3% through absorption.[3]
Atmospheric conditions not only reduce the quantity of insolation reaching the
Earth's surface but also affect the quality of insolation by diffusing incoming light
and altering its spectrum
 3. PHOTOVOLTAICS
Solar cells, also referred to as photovoltaic cells, are devices or banks of devices that use
the photovoltaic effect of semiconductors to generate electricity directly from sunlight.
Until recently, their use has been limited because of high manufacturing costs. One cost
effective use has been in very low-power devices such as calculators with LCDs. Another
use has been in remote applications such as roadside emergency telephones, remote sensing,
cathodic protection of pipe lines, and limited "off grid" home power applications. A third
use has been in powering orbiting satellites and spacecraft.
To take advantage of the incoming electromagnetic radiation from the sun, solar panels
can be attached to each house or building. The panels should be mounted perpendicular to
the arc of the sun to maximize usefulness. The easiest way to use this electricity is by
connecting the solar panels to a grid tie inverter. However, these solar panels may also be
used to charge batteries or other energy storage device. Solar panels produce more power
during summer months because they receive more sunlight. The cost payback time may
take over 10 years depending on the cost of grid electricity and tax rebates.
Total peak power of installed PV is around 3,700 MW as of the end of 2005.[19] This is
only one part of solar-generated electric power.
 Declining manufacturing costs (dropping at 3 to 5% a year in recent years) are
expanding the range of cost-effective uses. The average lowest retail cost of a large
photovoltaic array declined from $7.50 to $4 per watt between 1990 and 2005.[20]
With many jurisdictions now giving tax and rebate incentives, solar electric power
can now pay for itself in five to ten years in many places. "Grid-connected" systems
- those systems that use an inverter to connect to the utility grid instead of relying
on batteries - now make up the largest part of the market.
In 2003, worldwide production of solar cells increased by 32%.[21] Between 2000
and 2004, the increase in worldwide solar energy capacity was an annualized
60%.[22] 2005 was expected to see large growth again, but shortages of refined
silicon have been hampering production worldwide since late 2004.[23] Analysts
have predicted similar supply problems for 2006 and 2007.[

Kyocera headquarters. PV cells on the

side of the building generate electricity
from sunlight.
 USES OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS :-
USES OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS :-
1. PV for Cottages and Residences
In general, PV systems are an economical option for remote cottages and residences. In
most remote areas, it is impossible to connect to the electrical grid and, in many cases,
expensive fossil fuel is brought in to generate electricity. If your residence is tied to the
existing grid, PV will give you the autonomous source of electricity you might need during
a power outage.
3. PV for Mobile and Recreational Applications
Recreational vehicles, boats and expeditions can also benefit from the clean and quiet
operation of portable PV systems to recharge batteries.
2. PV in Agriculture
PV systems are used effectively worldwide to pump water for livestock, plants or
humans. Since the need for water is greatest on hot sunny days, PV is a perfect fit for
pumping applications. PV is also used to power remote electric fences on farms.
4. PV for Other Applications
PV systems can be adapted to suit any requirement, small or large. For instance, PV
cells are used in calculators and watches. As well, telecommunications equipment,
highway construction signs, parking lights and navigational warning signals are excellent
applications for PV
CLASSIFICATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC
DIRECT SOLAR CELLS & INDIRECT SOLAR CELLS
PASSIVE SOLAR CELLS & ACTITVE SOLAR CELLS
CONCENTRATING & NON CONCENTRATING SOLAR
CELLS
4. RESEARCH &
DEVELOPMENT
SunPower Corporation a Silicon Valley-based
manufacturer of high-efficiency solar cells, solar panels
and solar systems, on Juliy 27th announced the
inauguration of its second solar cell fabrication facility,
known as "cell Fab 2", in the Philippines. The dedication
of cell Fab 2 will take place on July 30st, 2007 at the new
plant, located in Batangas, south of Manila. President
Macapagal-Arroyo of the Philippines and The Honorable
Raphael P. M. Lotilla, secretary of energy, will be on hand
to help inaugurate the facility which has been recognized
by the International Energy Agency for its superior
energy-efficient design.

Solar PV System with panels

by SunPower, located at
Geneva (Switzerland).

Courtesy: SunPower
Corporation
Since the beginning of 2007 photovoltaic records are going from strength to strength: in Brandis
near Leipzig (Germany) the world’s largest solar power plant with an output of 40 Megawatt is
being built and will be commissioned by 2009, in the Spanish town of Beneixama City Solar AG
is working on a 20 MW photovoltaic system that is to be completed in October 2007. These are
both ground mounted systems, such as the power plants of "Solarpark Gut Erlasee" (Germany, 12
MW), "Serpa PV Power Plant" in Portugal (11 MW) and the German Solar Park "Pocking"
(10MW). International demand for German photovoltaics is on the rise and export figures of
manufacturers are continuously increasing. Executive German companies are becoming active
abroad and are building large-scale open-space systems in Spain, Greece and even as far afield as
Africa.

Solar-Report as PDF-Dokument

5,1 MW solar roof of Sharp production site in

Kameyama (Japan); solar power system integrated into
a roof in Muggensturm near Rastatt (Germany).
Sources: Sharp, Tauber Solar
 3D solar cells to boost efficiency while reducing size, weight and complexity of photovoltaic
arrays
Unique three-dimensional solar cells shall capture nearly all of the light that strikes them and
could boost the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) systems while reducing their size, weight and
mechanical complexity. The new 3D solar cells capture photons from sunlight using an array of
miniature "tower" structures that resemble high-rise buildings in a city street grid, the Georgia
Institute of Technology (GTRI) reports in a press release. The cells could find near-term
applications for powering spacecraft, and by enabling efficiency improvements in photovoltaic
coating materials, could also change the way solar cells are designed for a broad range of
applications. "Our goal is to harvest every last photon that is available to our cells", said Jud
Ready, a senior research engineer in the Electro-Optical Systems Laboratory at the GTRI. "By
capturing more of the light in our 3D structures, we can use much smaller photovoltaic arrays.
On a satellite or other spacecraft, that would mean less weight and less space taken up with the
PV system", he adds.

Jud Ready, senior research engineer at the Georgia Tech Research

Institute, observes a process that applies an iron catalyst as part of
the fabrication of 3D solar cells.
Picture Source: GTRI.The 3D design was described in the
March 2007 issue of the journal JOM, published by The
Minerals, Metals and Materials Society.
The research has been sponsored by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, the
Air Force Research Laboratory, NewCyte Inc., and Intellectual Property Partners,
LLC. A global patent application has been filed for the technology. The GTRI
photovoltaic cells trap light between their tower structures, which are about 100
microns tall, 40 microns by 40 microns square, 10 microns apart - and built from
arrays containing millions of vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes
 Advantages:
Advantages:
Solar power is pollution free during use. Production end wastes and
emissions are manageable using existing pollution controls. End-of-use
recyclingSolar power is pollution
technologies are underfree during use.[42]
development. Production end wastes
and emissions are manageable using existing pollution controls.
Facilities can operate
End-of-use with technologies
recycling little maintenance or intervention
are under after
development. [42]initial
setup. Facilities can operate with little maintenance or intervention
Solar after initial
electric setup. is economically competitive where grid
generation
connection
Solarorelectric
fuel transport
generationis difficult, costly orcompetitive
is economically impossible. where
Examplesgrid
include connection
satellites, island
or fuelcommunities,
transport is difficult,
remote locations
costly or and
impossible.
ocean vessels.
Examples include satellites, island communities, remote
The 89 petawatts
locations andofocean
sunlight reaching the earth's surface is plentiful
vessels.
compared to the 15 terawatts of average power consumed by humans.[41]
The 89
Additionally, petawatts
solar electricof sunlight reaching
generation the earth's
has the highest surface
power is (global
density
mean ofplentiful
170 W/m compared
2) among torenewable
the 15 terawatts of[41]
energies. average power
consumed by humans.[41] Additionally, solar electric generation
has the highest power density (global mean of 170 W/m2)
among renewable energies.[41]
 Availability of solar energy
Availability of solar energy
The amount of solar energy intercepted by the Earth every
minute is greater than the amount of energy the world uses in
fossil fuels each year.[48]
Tropical oceans absorb 560 trillion gigajoules (GJ) of solar
energy each year, equivalent to 1,600 times the world’s annual
energy use.[49]
The energy in the winds that blow across the United States each
year could produce more than 16 billion GJ of electricity—more
than one and one-half times the electricity consumed in the
United States in 2000.[50]
Annual photosynthesis by the vegetation in the United States is
50 billion GJ, equivalent to nearly 60% of the nation’s annual
fossil fuel use.[51]
 THANK
THANK YOUYOU
FOR
FOR
YOUR TOLERANCE
YOUR TOLERANCE