ACID &

ALKALI

Objective
Related

alkali.

Solve

pH value with molarity of acid and

numerical problems involving molarity of

acids and alkalis.

Introduction

Molarity is one unit of concentration which

show the mole number of solute that
contain in 1 dm3 solution
pH is a measure of the concentration of
hydrogen ions.
More hydrogen ions become more acidity
and less pH.
Acid have lower pH than alkali which
showing in the pH scale.
We measure the concentration using
meter pH.

pH scale

Example of food and substance using daily that have

difference pH value.
Substance

pH

Substance

pH

Lime juice

2.3

Coffee

5.0

Vinegar

2.8

Milk

6.6

Soft Drink

3.0

Eggs

7.8

Orange juice

3.5

Toothpaste

8.0

Banana

4.6

Soap

8.2

pH meter

The pH value of an acid or alkali depends on

2 factors:
a) degree of ionisation / dissociation
b) molarity of the solution

ALKALI

ACID

Litmus paper: blue

Litmus paper: red

Observation:
blue colour red colour

Observation:
red colour blue colour

pH scale:

Litmus
paper

pH scale:

acid

alkali

14

Example: Acid (H2SO4)

H+ + H+ H+
H
+
H+ + H+H
H
H+
+
H H+ H+

H+

H+ H
H+ H+ H+
H+ H+
+

H+
H+

H+
H+

0.1 M

0.01 M

[H+]
pH

Highest

Higher

Low

Low

Higher

Highest

Acidity

Highest

Higher

Low

0.001 M

Example: Alkali (NaOH)

+
HOH
OH-H+
OH- OH+
OH-+OH H
H OH-

0.1 M

+
H
+
OH + HH OH
H+ OH- H+
OH-H+ H+

0.01 M

OH- + H+ H+
H
+
H+ + OHH
H
H+
+
H H+ H+

0.001 M

[H+]
[OH-]

Low

Higher

Highest

Highest

Higher

Low

pH
Alkalinity

Highest

Higher

Low

Highest

Higher

Low

Decreasing concentration of [H+]

M/[H+]

Increasing pH

pH

pH
scale

M/[H+]

3
acid

neutral

Increasing acidity

pH

10

11

12

alkali

Increasing alkalinity

13 14

CALCULATIONS ON MOLARITY
The molarity of a solution
changes when :

Water is added to it

An acid or alkali is added

to it

CALCULATIONS ON
MOLARITY
M1 = Initial molarity
M2 = Final molarity
V1 = Initial volume
V2 = Final volume

Thus the formula

M1V1 = M2V2

can be used to find the

new molarity

EXAMPLE 1
Find the volume of distilled water that is added to 100cm3
of hydrochloric acid, 0.5 mole dm-3, to obtain an acid
solution of strength 0.2 mole dm-3.

M1V1 = M2V2
Find final volume
V2 = M1V1
M2
= 0.5 x 100
0.2
= 250 cm3

the water added to obtain

250 cm3 acid
= 250 100
= 150 cm3

EXAMPLE 2
Find the resulting molarity of sulphuric acid if
200 cm3 of HCl 2 mole dm-3, is added to 600 cm3
of HCl, 0.5 mole dm-3.
Total number of moles of
HCl

Resulting molarity
= number of moles

= (2+0.5) = 2.5 mole dm-3

volume
= 2.5

Total volume of HCl

= (200+600) = 800 cm3

800
= 0.003125 mole dm-3

Conclusion

Relationship;
acid;
the higher molarity the lower pH value
because of the higher concentration of H +
(pH , molarity)
bes; the higher molarity the higher pH value
because
of the higher concentration of
OH+ (pH , molarity)

Solve numerical problems involving molarity of acids and

alkalis with using the formula .

M 1V1 = M 2V 2

M1 = Initial molarity
M2 = Final molarity
V1 = Initial volume
V2 = Final volume