CARBOHYDRATE

METABOLISM

FARRAH MEUTHIA M. ZIDNI RIZKY

NUR AISYAH RAHMAWATI NURUL FADHILLAH

CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION

AMYLUM digestion by amylase enzyme

Disaccharides digestion

Glucose is the most important

carbohydrate
Glucose is the major metabolic fuel of
mammals, except ruminants
Monosaccharide from diet :
- Glucose
- Fructose
- Galactose
Fructose and Galactose
glucose at
the liver

Galactose Metabolism

Fructose Metabolism

Blood glucose
carbohydrate
metabolism exist are :
1. Glycolisis
2. Glycogenesis
3. HMP Shunt
4. Oxidation of Pyruvate
5. Krebs Cycle
6. Change to lipids
Fasting
blood glucose
carbohydrate metabolism :
1. Glycogenolisis
2. Gluconeogenesis

GLYCOLISIS

Glycolisis
oxidation of glucose
energy
It can function either aerobically or
anaerobically
pyruvate

lactate
Occurs in the cytosol of all cell
AEROBICALLY GLYCOLYSIS :
Pyruvate
Mitochondria
oxidized
to Asetil CoA
Krebs Cycle

Glycolisis

Most of the reaction of glycolysis are

reversible, except of three reaction :
1. Glucose
Glucose-6phosphate, catalyzed by Hexokinase /
Glucokinase
Hexokinase :
- Inhibited allosterically by its product
glucose-6-p
- Has a high affinity for its substrate
glucose
- available at all cell, except liver and islet
cell

Glucokinase :
- available at liver and islet cell
- in the liver
to remove glucose from
the blood after meal
2. Fructose-6-P
Fructose-1,6-biP
- catalyzed by Phosphofructokinase
enzyme
- Irreversible
- Rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis
3. Phosphoenolpyruvate
Enol
Pyruvate
- Catalyzed by Pyruvate kinase enzyme
Oxidation of 1 mol glucose
8 mol

ANAEROBICALLY GLYCOLYSIS :
- The reoxidation of NADH through the
respiratory chain to oxygen is prevented
- Pyruvate is reduced by the NADH to
lactate, by Lactate dehidrogenase
enzyme
Lactate dehydrogenase

Pyruvate + NADH + H+
+ NAD+

Lactate

- Oxidation 1 mol glucose via anaerobically

glycolysis
2 mol ATP

ANAEROBICALLY GLYCOLYSIS :
Respiratory chain is absence
Reoxidation of NADH
NAD+ via
Respiratory chain is inhibited
Reoxidation of NADH via lactate
formation allows glycolysis to proceed in
the absence of oxygen by regenerating
sufficient NAD+

GLYCOLYSIS IN
ERYTHROCYTE

Erythrocyte lack mitochondria

respiratory chain and Krebs cycle are
absence
Always terminates in lactate
In mammals
the reaction catalyzed
by phosphoglycerate kinase may be
bypassed by a process that catalyzed
Biphosphoglycerate mutase
Its does serve to provide 2,3biphosphoglycerate
bind to hemoglobin
decreasing its

GLYCOLYSIS IN
ERYTHROCYTE

OXIDATION OF
PYRUVATE

Occur in mitochondria
Oxidation of 1 mol Pyruvate
Asetyl-CoA + 3 mol ATP

1 mol

CH3COCOOH + HSCoA + NAD+

CH3CO-SCoA
+ NADH
(Pyruvate)
(Asetyl-CoA)

Catalyzed by Pyruvate dehydrogenase

enzyme
This enzyme need CoA as coenzyme
In Thiamin deficiency, oxydation of
pyruvate is impaired
lactic and
pyruvic acid

OXIDATION OF
PYRUVATE

GLYCOGENESI
S

Synthesis of Glycogen from glucose

Occurs mainly in muscle and liver cell
The reaction :
Glucose
Glucose-6-P
Hexokinase / Glucokinase

Glucose-6-P

Glucose-1-P

Phosphoglucomutase

Glucose-1-P + UTP
Pyrophosphate

UDPG +

UDPG Pyrophosphorylase

GLYCOGENESIS

Glycogen synthase catalyzes the

formation of -1,4-glucosidic linkage in
glycogen
Branching enzyme catalyzes the
formation of -1,6-glucosidic linkage in
glycogen
Finally
the branches grow by further
additions of 1 4-gucosyl units and
further branching (like tree!)

SYNTHESIS OF GLYCOGEN

SYNTHESIS OF GLYCOGEN

GLYCOGENESIS AND GLYCOGENOLYSIS

PATHWAY

Glycogenesis

Glycogenolysis

GLYCOGENOLY
SIS

The breakdown of glycogen

Glycogen phosphorilase catalyzes
cleavage of the 14 linkages of glycogen to
yield glucose-1-phosphate
(14)(14) glucan transferase transfer a
trisaccharides unit from one branch to the other
Debranching enzyme hydrolysis of the 16
linkages
The combined action of these enzyme leads to
the complete breakdown of glycogen.

GLYCOGENOLYSI
S
Phosphoglucomutase

Glucose-1-P

Glucose-6-P

Glucose-6-phosphatase

Glucose-6-P
Glucose
Glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme
a
spesific enzyme in liver and kidney, but
not in muscle
Glycogenolysis in liver yielding glucose
export to blood
to increase the blood
glucose concentration
In muscle
glucose-6-P
glycolysis

GLUCONEOGENESIS

Pathways that responsible for converting

noncarbohydrate precursors to glucose or
glycogen
In mammals
occurs in liver and
kidney
Major substrate :
1. Lactic acid
from muscle,
erythrocyte
2. Glycerol
from TG hydrolysis
3.Glucogenic amino acid
4. Propionic acid
in ruminant

Gluconeogenesis meets the needs of the

body for glucose when carbohydrate is
not available from the diet or from
glycogenolysis
A supply of glucose is necessary
especially for nervous system and
erythrocytes.
The enzymes :
1. Pyruvate carboxylase
2. Phosphoenolpyruvate karboxikinase
3. Fructose 1,6-biphosphatase
4. Glucose-6-phosphatase

GLUCONEOGENESIS

GLUCONEOGENESIS FROM AMINO

ACID

GLUCONEOGENESIS FROM PROPIONIC

ACID

CORY CYCLE

HMP SHUNT/HEXOSE MONO

PHOSPHATE SHUNT = PENTOSE
PHOSPHATE PATHWAY

An alternative route for the

metabolism of glucose
It does not generate ATP but has two
major function :
1. The formation of NADPH
synthesis
of fatty acid and steroids
2. The synthesis of ribose
nucleotide
and nucleic acid formation

HMP SHUNT

Active in : liver, adipose tissue, adrenal

cortex, thyroid, erythrocytes, testis and
lactating mammary gland
Its activity is low in muscle
In erythrocytes :
HMP Shunt provides NADPH for the
reduction of oxidized glutathione by
glutathione reductase
reduced
glutathione removes H2O2
glutathione
peroxidase

HMP SHUNT
Glutathione reductase

G-S-S-G

2-G-SH

(oxidized glutathione)
(reduced glutathione)
Glutathione peroxidase

2-G-SH + H2O2
G-S-S-G + 2H2O
This reaction is important
accumulation of H2O2 may decrease the
life span of the erythrocyte
damage to
the membrane cell
hemolysis

HMP SHUNT

BLOOD GLUCOSE

Blood glucose is derived from the :

1. Diet
the digestible dietary carbohydrate yield glucose
blood
2. Gluconeogenesis
3. Glycogenolysis in liver
Insulin play a central role in regulating
blood glucose
blood glucose
Glucagon
blood glucose
Growth hormone
inhibit insulin activity
Epinefrine
stress
blood glucose