Phasor Diagrams and Impedance

Lecture 21

Set Phasors on Stun

1. Sinusoids-amplitude, frequency and phase
(Section 8.1)
2. Phasors-amplitude and phase (Section 8.3
[sort of])
2a. Complex numbers (Appendix B).

Lecture 21

Set Phasors on Kill

3. Complex exponentials-amplitude and phase
4. Relationship between phasors, complex
exponentials, and sinusoids
5. Phasor relationships for circuit elements
(Section 8.4)
5a. Arithmetic with complex numbers
(Appendix B).
Lecture 21

Set Phasors on Vaporize

6. Fundamentals of impedance and admittance
(some of Section 8.5)
7. Phasor diagrams (some of Section 8.6)

Lecture 21

Phasor Diagrams
A phasor diagram is just a graph of several
phasors on the complex plane (using real
and imaginary axes).
A phasor diagram helps to visualize the
relationships between currents and voltages.

Lecture 21

An Example
2mA 40
+
+
1F
1k

VC

+
-

V
VR
-

Lecture 21

An Example (cont.)
I = 2mA 40
VR = 2V 40
VC = 5.31V -50
V = 5.67V -29.37

Lecture 21

Phasor Diagram
Imaginary Axis
Real
Axis
V
VC

VR

Lecture 21

Impedance
AC steady-state analysis using phasors
allows us to express the relationship
between current and voltage using a
formula that looks likes Ohms law:
V=IZ
Z is called impedance.

Lecture 21

Impedance
Resistor:

V IR

The impedance is R
Inductor:

V I j L

The impedance is jL
Lecture 21

10

Impedance
Capacitor:

1
VI
j C

The impedance is 1/jL

Lecture 21

11

Some Thoughts on Impedance

Impedance depends on the frequency .

Impedance is (often) a complex number.
Impedance is not a phasor (why?).
Impedance allows us to use the same
solution techniques for AC steady state as
we use for DC steady state.

Lecture 21

12

Impedance Example:
Single Loop Circuit
10V 0

+
-

20k
1F

+
-

VC

= 377
Find VC
Lecture 21

13

Impedance Example
How do we find VC?
First compute impedances for resistor and
capacitor:
ZR = 20k= 20k 0
ZC = 1/j (377 1F) = 2.65k -90

Lecture 21

14

Impedance Example
20k 0

10V 0

+
-

+
VC
-

Lecture 21

2.65k -90

15

Impedance Example
Now use the voltage divider to find VC:
2.65k - 90

VC 10V 0

2.65k - 90 20k0

VC 1.31V - 82.4

Lecture 21

16

What happens when changes?

10V 0

+
-

20k
1F

+
-

VC

= 10
Find VC
Lecture 21

17

Low Pass Filter:

A Single Node-pair Circuit
+
5mA 0

0.1F
1k

V
-

Find v(t) for =2 3000

Lecture 21

18

Find Impedances
+
-j530k
5mA 0

V
1k

Lecture 21

19

Find the Equivalent Impedance

+
5mA 0

Zeq

V
-

Z eq

1000 j 530

1000 j 530
Lecture 21

20

Parallel Impedances
1000 j 530 10 0 530 90

1000 j 530
1132 27.9
3

Z eq

Z eq 468.2 62.1

Lecture 21

21

Computing V
V IZ eq 5mA0 468.2 62.1
V 2.34V 62.1
v(t ) 2.34V cos(2 3000t 62.1)

Lecture 21

22

Change the Frequency

+
5mA 0

0.1F
1k

V
-

Find v(t) for =2 455000

Lecture 21

23

Find Impedances
+
-j3.5
5mA 0

V
1k

Lecture 21

24

Find an Equivalent Impedance

+
5mA 0

Zeq

V
-

Z eq

1000 j 3.5

1000 j 3.5
Lecture 21

25

Parallel Impedances
1000 j 3.5 10 0 3.5 90

1000 j 3.5
1000 0.2
3

Z eq

Z eq 3.5 89.8

Lecture 21

26

Computing V
V IZ eq 5mA0 3.5 89.8
V 17.5mV 89.8
v(t ) 17.5mV cos(2 455000t 89.8)

Lecture 21

27