Unit Operation and

Porcesses
Type II Settling

Type II settling is the

settling of flocculent
particles in a dilute
suspension. The particle
flocculate during
settling; thus they
increase in size and
settle at a faster velocity

The example of type II

settling are the primary
settling of wastewater
and the settling of
chemically coagulated
waters and wastewaters

Type II
Settling
Batch settling test are
usually
required
to
evaluate the settling
characteristics
of
a
flocculent
suspension.
The column should be at
least 130 to 205 mm.
Sampling
ports
are
provided
at
equal
intervals in height.

The suspension must be mixed

thoroughly and poured rapidly
into the column in order to insure
that a uniform distribution of the
particles occurs throughout the
height of the column. Samples are
removed through the ports at
periodic time intervals and the
suspended solids concentrations
are determined.

 The overflow rates, V0, are determined for the various

settling times (ta, tb, and so on) where the R curves
intercept the x axis. For example, for the curve Rc, the
overflow rate is:

Where H is the height of the column and tc is the intercept of

the Rc curve and the x-axis. The fractions of solid removed.
RT, for the times ta, tb, and so on are then determined. For
example, for time tc, the fraction removed RT would be:

Where H2 represents the height that the particles of (Rd Rc)

size would settle during tc. These would intercept the sludge
zone in a basin, as in Figure 9.13. By using the various fractions
removed, RT, a graph of the overflow rates versus fractions
removed can be constructed. Also, a graph of the fractions
removed versus detention times can be made. In applying the
curves to design a tank, scale-up factors of 0,65 for the overflow
rate and 1,75 for detention time are used to compensate for the
side-wall effects of the settling column (Eckenfelder, 1980)

Example : Primary Clarifier

A primary clarifier is to be
designed to treat an industrial
wastewater having 320 mg/l
suspended solids and a flow of
7.550 m/d. A batch settling test
was performed using a 205 mmdiameter column that was 3,05
m long and had withdrawal
ports every 0,61 m. The reduced
data
giving
the
percent
removals are shown in Table 9.3.
Determine:
1.The design detention time and design surface loading rate if 65% of the
suspended solids are to be removed
2.The diameter and depth of the tank

Solution
A plot of the percent
removals at the various
depths and times is
shown in Figure 9.17.
Interpolations
have
been made to locate the
20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and
70% removal curves.

 The 20% curve intersects the x-axis at 16 min; thus the

surface loading at that time is:

The detention time in hours is 16/60 or 0,27 h. The point

midway between the 20 and 30% curves at 16 min is
located as shown and is at a depth of 2,04 m. In a like
manner, the points midway between the 30 and 40, 40 and
50, 50 and 60, and 70% curves are located, and the
respective depths are 0,88; 0,61; 0,40; and 0,24 m. These
values give the total fraction removed (RT) at 16 min (0,27
h) as:
RT = 20 + (2,04/3,05)(30-20) + (0,88/3,05)(40-30) +
(0,61/3,05)(50-40) + (0,40/3,05)(60-50) + (0,24/3,05)(7060)
= 33,7%

 Similiarly, the surface loading rates, detention times, and total

fractions removed are computed for the 30, 40, 50, and 60%
curves, and a summary of the reduced data is shown in Table 9.4

A plot of the fraction

removed
(RT)
versus
detention time (t) is shown
in Figure 9.18. Also, a plot
of the fraction removed (RT)
versus surface loading rate
(V0) is shown in Figure 9.19.

For 65% removal the detention time is 1,22 h; thus the

design detention time is (1,22)1,75=2,14 h.
For 65% removal the surface loading is 58,0 m/d-m;
thus the design surface loading is (58,0)0,65=37,7 m/dm.
The required area is:

The required depth, H, is:

Latihan Soal
Direncanakan sebuah bak pengendap untuk mengendapkan air
limbah dengan SS 350 mg/L dan debt 7.500 m/hari. Uji laboratorium
dilakukan terhadap air limbah tersebut dengan kolom pengendapan
berdiameter 20 cm dan tinggi 300 cm. Pada setiap 60 cm terdapat
port (sampling point). Hasil tes kolom adalah sebagai berikut:

Tentukan:
1.Waktu detensi dan surface loading agar diperoleh 65%
pengendapan
2.Diameter dan kedalaman bak

Langkah-langkah Pengerjaan
1. Ubah data laboratorium menjadi % removal
2. Plot tabel poin 1 sehingga membentuk grafik isoremoval
3. Ambil waktu tertentu dan hitung penyisihan total (RT)
dan surface loading (V0) pada waktu tersebut
4. Dengan cara yang sama (poin 3), tentukan removal
total dan surface loading pada t (waktu) yang lain
5. Plot hubungan % RT vs t dan % RT vs surface loading
6. Tentukan waktu dan surface loading yang diperlukan
untuk mendapatkan 65% pengendapan
7. Hitung luas permukaan bak
8. Hitung diameter bak, jika bak berbentuk lingkaran
9. Hitung kedalaman bak