Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Inflammation
Inflammation is the reaction of
blood vessels, leading to the
accumulation of fluid (Serum) and
leukocytes in extra vascular tissue.
LEUKOCYTES
White
All
INFLAMMATION
Local defense and protective response against cell injury or
irritation or Local vascular and cellular reaction, against an
irritant.
Non-Living:
Chemical
Physical
Mechanical
Inflammation
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Connective
Neutrophils.
Monocytes.
Eosinophils.
Lymphocytes.
Basophils.
Platelets.
Response Of Inflammation
The main processes are:
I - Increased blood flow.
II - Increased permeability.
III - Migration of neutrophils.
IV - Chemotaxis.
V - Leucocytes recruitment & activation.
Response Of Inflammation
The main processes are:
I - Increased blood flow due to dilation of blood vessels
(arterioles) supplying the region.
II - Increased permeability of the capillaries, allowing fluid and
blood proteins to move into the interstitial spaces
Response Of Inflammation
Response Of Inflammation
IV - Chemotaxis
Once outside the blood vessel, a neutrophil is guided
towards an infection by various diffusing chemotactic
factors. Examples include the chemokines and the
complement peptide C5a, which is released when the
complement system is activated either via specific
immunity or innate immunity.
Response Of Inflammation
V - Leucocytes recruitment &
activation.
ENDOTHELIAL CELL
Response of Inflammation
Eosinophils.
However, in some circumstances eosinophils rather than
neutrophils predominate in acute inflammation. This tends to
occur with parasites (worms), against which neutrophils have
little success.
Response of Acute
Inflammation
Increased
The
Response of Acute
Inflammation
At
Later
on there is accumulation of
inflammatory cells lead swelling,
(inflammation).
Finally,
there is accumulation of
interstitial fluid cause edema.
Types of inflammation
1) Acute
inflammation
2) Sub acute
inflammation:
rarely occur.
3) Chronic
inflammation
Types Of Inflammation
Inflammation is divided into:
1.
Acute Inflammation
2.
Chronic Inflammation
1. Acute inflammation
Macroscopic signs:
Symptoms
1) Redness:
2) Hotness: Fever
3) Swelling:
4) Pain and tenderness:
5) Loss of function:Loss of
movements or restricted
movement, if near joints.
Microscopic signs:
Inflammatory response
1. Local
vascular
change
2. Formation of
inflammatory
exudate
Acute Inflammation
Vascular
stage
Prostaglandins
Arterioles
Increasing
Redness
Capillaries
Allowing
Swelling
Acute Inflammation
Acute Inflammation
(Acute Bronchitis)
Name
Occur in
Characterized by
Exudates rich in mucous
Catarrhal
Serous
Fibrinous
Acute appendicitis
Allergic
Suppurative
Chronic Inflammation
II - Chronic inflammation, which occurs over longer
times, days & months. inducer of inflammation is
not removed. Leads to tissue damage and loss of
tissue function (joint destruction, lung fibrosis, etc.)
It is associated histologically with the presence of:
Lymphocytes
and macrophages.
The proliferation of blood vessels.
Fibrosis and tissue necrosis.
- Persistent infection.
Chronic Inflammation
(Chronic Bronchitis)
Chronic Bronchitis
Chronic Inflammation
(Rheumatoid arthritis)
Morphological Features of
Chronic Inflammation
These are characterized by:
I - Infiltration by mononuclear cells.
II - Tissue destruction.
III - Removal of damaged tissue, (healing).
Morphological Features of
Chronic Inflammation
I - Infiltration by mononuclear cells:
The mononuclear cells are become predominant after 48 hours.
These include:
Macrophages.
Lymphocytes.
Plasma cells.
Eosinophils.
Mast cells.
Morphological Features of
Chronic Inflammation
Macrophages
Scattered
Morphological Features of
Chronic Inflammation
T and B lymphocytes
Plasma cells
Produce antibodies.
Morphological Features of
Chronic Inflammation
Eosinophils
Found
Eosinophils
Morphological Features of
Chronic Inflammation
- Tissue destruction
Occur due to:
Inflammatory cells.
Persistent infecting material.
II
Morphological Features of
Chronic Inflammation
Removal of damaged tissue,
(healing):
III -
Occur
Granulomatous Inflammation
Chronic Granulomatous
Inflammation
Chronic Granulomatous
Inflammation