Analysis of Disturbance

P M V Subbarao
Associate Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
I I T Delhi

Modeling of A Quasi-static Process in A Medium ..

Conservation Laws for a Blissful Fluid

. V 0
t

V
. VV p
t

. eV q w
t

Conservation Laws Applied to 1 D Steady disturbance

Conservation of Mass:

. V 0
t

Conservation of Mass for 1DSF:

d
U 0
dx
d U 0

p,

c-u
P+dp, d

Change is final -initial

d c u c 0

cd u ud 0

For infinitesimally small disturbance

ud 0

d
cd u 0 cd u u c

Assume ideal gas conditions for Conservation of Momentum :

For steady flow momentum equation for CV:

. VV p
For steady 1-D flow :

d
dp
2
U
dx
dx

d U

d c u
d c

dp

c ( p dp ) p
2

u 2cu c dp
2

For infinitesimally small disturbance

u c
2

& 2cu c

c d dp c
2

dp
d

Nature of Substance
The expressions for speed of sound can be used to prove
that speed of sound is a property of a substance.
Using the momentum analysis :

c f ( p, )
If it is possible to obtain a relation between p and , then c
can be expressed as a state variable.
This is called as equation of state, which depends on nature
of substance.

Steady disturbance in A Medium

p,

c-u
C

P+dp, d

dp
d

Speed of sound in ideal and perfect gases

The speed of sound can be obtained easily for the
equation of state for an ideal gas because of a
simple mathematical expression.
The pressure for an ideal gas can be expressed as a
simple function of density and a function molecular
structure or ratio of specific heats, namely

p constant

c d dp c
2

dp
d

c constant 1
constant
p
c

c RT

Speed of Sound in A Real Gas

The ideal gas model can be improved by
introducing the compressibility factor.
The compressibility factor represents the
deviation from the ideal gas.
Thus, a real gas equation can be expressed in
many cases as

p zRT

Compressibility Chart

Isentropic Relation for A Real Gas

Gibbs Equation for a general change of state of a substance:

Tds dh vdp
Tds du pdv
Isentropic change of state:

dh vdp 0
dp
dh
0

Pfaffian Analysis of Enthalpy

For a pure substance :

h f (T , p )
For a change of state:

dh MdT NdP

Enthalpy will be a property of a substance iff

h
h
dh
dT
dP
T p
p T

The definition of pressure specific heat for a pure substance

h
Cp
T

Tds dh vdp
Gibbs Function for constant pressure process :

T ds p dh p
T ds p C p dT
s
Cp T
T

Gibbs Function for constant temperature process :

Tds dh vdp
T ds T dh T v dp T
dh T T ds T v dp T
Divide all terms by dp at constant temperature:

h
s
T
v
p T
p T
v
T

p T

h
v
v T
p T
T

h
Cp
T

Tds dh vdp
h
h
dh
dT
dP
T p
p T

h
h
Tds
dT
dP vdp
T p
p T
Tds C p dT

v
v T
T

dP vdp
p

Isentropic Relation for A Real Gas

C p dT

v
v T
T

dP vdp 0
p

pv zRT
z

z T
T
dv
dp C p

v
p Cv
z
z T

z T
T

z
z T

dv
dp
n
v
p
d
dp
n

p
dp
p
n
d

dp
c
nzRT
d
2

Speed of sound in real gas

c nzRT

Speed of Sound in Almost Incompressible

Liquid
Even flowing Liquid normally is assumed to be incompressible
in reality has a small and important compressible aspect.
The ratio of the change in the fractional volume to pressure or
compression is referred to as the bulk modulus of the liquid.
For example, the average bulk modulus for water is 2 X109
N/m2.
At a depth of about 4,000 meters, the pressure is about 4 X 107
N/m2.
The fractional volume change is only about 1.8% even under
this pressure nevertheless it is a change.
The compressibility of the substance is the reciprocal of the
bulk modulus.
The amount of compression of almost all liquids is seen to be
very small.

The mathematical definition of bulk modulus as

following:

dp
B
d
dp B
c

d
2

B
Elastic property

Inertial Property

Speed of Sound in Solids

The situation with solids is considerably more
complicated, with different speeds in different
directions, in different kinds of geometries, and
differences between transverse and longitudinal
waves.
Nevertheless, the speed of sound in solids is larger
than in liquids and definitely larger than in gases.
Sound speed for solid is:

E
Elastic property

Inertial Property

Speed of Sound in Two Phase Medium

The gas flow in many industrial situations contains other
particles.
In actuality, there could be more than one speed of sound
for two phase flow.
Indeed there is double chocking phenomenon in two phase
flow.
However, for homogeneous and under certain condition a
single velocity can be considered.
There can be several models that approached this problem.
For simplicity, it assumed that two materials are
homogeneously mixed.
The flow is mostly gas with drops of the other phase (liquid
or solid), about equal parts of gas and the liquid phase,
and liquid with some bubbles.