FAMU - FSU

College of Engineering

EEL 3472
Electromagnetic Fields I
Spring 2009
Instructor:
Michael P. Frank
Slide Module 1:
Course Introduction

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Outline of Lecture

Course Introduction: Some Perspective

Review Syllabus, Schedule, etc.

Importance of Electromagnetic Field Theory

Some History of the Subject
Outline of Topics
Course Objectives
Grading Policies
Tentative Schedule

Begin course material: Vector algebra

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Subject of this Course

This course introduces the theoretical study of

classical electromagnetic fields.

With an introduction to a variety of basic

applications, used in examples throughout.

Electromagnetism (EM): The physical

phenomena of electricity and magnetism.

Found by Faraday, Ampere, Maxwell in 1800s to

be fundamentally interlinked with each other.

Two aspects of a single underlying fundamental force.

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What do we mean by a Field?

Definition: A (physical) field is a physical quantity

that varies as a function of position (and possibly
also of time) throughout some region of space (or
spacetime).
Examples of fields well encounter in this course:

Charge density (greek rho not latin p)

Electric potential V
Electric field E (or D)

These represent the same physical entity in different ways

Magnetic field B (or H) - Likewise

The electric/magnetic field quantities are vectors.

Well begin this course with a review of vector math.

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Present-Day Status of
Electromagnetic Field Theory

EM field theory is the classical theory from which

emerged quantum electrodynamics (QED).

QED is the modern quantum field theory describing how

electric charges interact via the electromagnetic force.

QED has been confirmed to extremely high precision.

Includes quantum phenomena: photons, entangled light, etc.

At least about 11 decimal places so far

Classical EM theory does not describe nature

precisely, but is only an approximation to QED.

However, it is sufficiently precise for a wide variety of

large-scale electrical engineering applications (next slide)
For most of these, quantum effects are not very important.
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Some Applications of EMF Theory

EM theory provides the basis for the design

and analysis of the following structures:

Capacitors
Electromagnets, Inductors
Transmission Lines (e.g., coaxial cables)
Transformers (for AC power conversion)
Antennas (to transmit/receive EM signals)
Waveguides (e.g., optic fibers)
Cavities (e.g., microwave ovens)
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Major Historical Developments in

Electromagnetic Field Theory

Laplace, Gauss, Poisson, Stokes Vector

analysis
Coulomb Described electrostatic force
Faraday Electromagnetic induction
Maxwell, 1864 Derived unified theory of
electromagnetism, predicted EM waves
Hertz, Marconi Verified EM waves exist
Lorentz, Poincar, Einstein Deduced
relativistic mechanics from EM theory
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Some Important Figures in the

History of Electromagnetic Theory

Coulomb:
Laplace:
Ampre:
Gauss:
Poisson:
Ohm:
Faraday:
Stokes:
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1736-1806
1749-1827
1775-1836
1777-1855
1781-1840
1789-1854
1791-1867
1819-1903

Maxwell:
Lorentz:
Poincare:
Hertz:
Marconi:
Einstein:

EEL3472 - Fields I, Spring 2009, Module 1

1831-1879
1853-1928
1854-1912
1857-1894
1874-1937
1879-1955

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Outline of Topics to be Covered

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Course Introduction
Vector Algebra
Vector Calculus
Electrostatics
Electric fields in media
Boundary-value probs.
[Exam I]
Electric current
Magnetostatics
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10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

(SPRING BREAK)
Magnetic force/torque
Induction
Maxwells equations
[Exam II]
Electromagnetic waves
Review
[Final Exam Week]

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College of Engineering

TOPIC #1
Vector Algebra and
Coordinate Systems

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Vector Algebra

Basic Vector Concepts & Notation

Vector Operations

Dot Product
Cross Product

Orthogonal Coordinate systems

Cartesian
Circular-cylindrical
Spherical
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Vector Notations

Definition: A vector is a geometric entity that has

both a magnitude and a direction.

For our purposes:

Magnitudes (scalars) are identified with real numbers (+, , or 0).

Magnitudes are typically quantified in terms of physical units

Directions are in three-dimensional space.

A vector can be represented by a list of numbers.

e.g. Newtons of force, Volts/meter of electric field strength

Assumes a particular coordinate system.

A notational convention:

In typed documents, we write vectors in bold: A,

r B, Cv
When handwriting, put an arrow over symbol: A or A
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Some Vector-Valued Quantities in

Electromagnetic Field Theory

Electric field vectors:

Magnetic field vectors:

E Electric field strength (or intensity), dimensioned in

voltage/distance = force/charge.
D Electric flux density, dimensioned in charge/area.
B Magnetic flux density, dimensioned in magnetic charge/area.
H Magnetic field intensity, dimensioned in force/magnetic charge

Others:

A The vector potential

From which electric and magnetic fields can be derived

F Force on a particle
J Current density
R Position or displacement vector
And more: velocity, acceleration, angular velocity, torque, etc.
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Vector Magnitude

The magnitude of a vector A is a scalar quantity A.

The operation of taking the magnitude of a vector is
denoted by enclosing the vector in vertical bars |.

A A

The magnitude can be thought of as the length of the

vector (if it is pictured as an arrow).

Note: This differs from the length

of a vector in computer programming:

That means, number of elements in a list.

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EEL3472 - Fields I, Spring 2009, Module 1

|A|
A
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Basic Vector Operations

Vectors can be added together:

Vectors can be multiplied by scalars:

Example: A = B + C
E.g.: A = B + B = 2B

B
A

B
A

They can also be divided by scalars (0).

Any vector, when multiplied by the scalar 0,
becomes the unique null vector 0.

For any A, 0A = 0.
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Unit Vectors

A unit vector has magnitude 1.

Convention used in Sadiku, Schaum books:

Another common convention:

Unit vector is written in bold lowercase: a.

Unit vector has an angled hat over it:

The unit vector aA in the direction of a given

(nonzero) vector A can be found by dividing
A by its magnitude: a A A
so A = |A|aA.
A

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Component Form

Any vector A can be written as a sum of 3 compenent

vectors, i.e., as a linear combination of unit vectors
along any 3 linearly independent axes.

E.g., use unit vectors ax, ay, az in the direction of the

x, y, z axes in a Cartesian coordinate system.

Another common notation: i, j, k or i , j, k

More about coordinate systems later.

That is, for any vector A, we can write:

This is called a component representation of the vector.

A = Ax ax + Ay ay + Az az = i{x,y,z} Aiai = Aiai

Ill say the component Axax (a vector)

has the numerical coefficient Ax (a scalar).
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EEL3472 - Fields I, Spring 2009, Module 1

Einstein
summation
notation

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Magnitudes in Terms of Components

To find the magnitude of a vector in terms of

the magnitudes of its components, we can use
a 3D extension of the Pythagorean Theorem.
A

A A A A A
2
x

2
y

2
z

Ay

Az
Ax

Note: This formula assumes we are using an

orthogonal coordinate system, i.e. using unit
vectors that are at right angles to each other.
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Vector Magnitude Practice Problem

What is the distance

from the origin to the
point (3, 4, 0)?

Use Pythagorean
Theorem

What is |rP|, the

magnitude of the
vector r(3,4,5) =
3ax + 4ay + 5az?
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EEL3472 - Fields I, Spring 2009, Module 1

(3,4,0)

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Addition in Terms of Components

To add or subtract two vectors, just add or subtract

their corresponding components

Assuming both component representations are using the

same unit vectors (coordinate system)

If not, you have to first convert one of the vector representations

into the coordinate system of the other!

Well cover how to do this shortly.

A + B = (Axax + Ayay + Azaz) + (Bxax + Byay + Bzaz)

= (Ax + Bx)ax + (Ay + By)ay + (Az + Bz)az
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Basic Algebraic Laws

Vector addition and vector multiplication by scalars

obey commutative/associative/distributive laws:

Commutative laws:

Associative laws:

Vector addition is commutative:

A+B=B+A
Scalar multiplication is commutative:
sA = As.
Vector addition is associative:
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
Scalar multiplication is associative:
s(tA) = (st)A.

Scalar multiplication is distributive, in two ways:

s(A + B) = sA + sB
(s + t)A = sA + tA

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(across vector addition)

(across scalar addition)

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The Dot Product Operator

Takes two vectors and produces a scalar:

AB = s = AB cos

Definition in terms of orthogonal coefficients:

AB = AxBx + AyBy + AzBz

Some algebraic properties of dot product:

Where A=|A| etc. and is the angle between A and B.

Distributes over vector addition: A(B+C)=AB+AC

Commutes with scalar multiplication: s(AB) = A(sB)

Sometimes, the dot product is referred to as an inner

product operator.

As opposed to cross product outer product.

Well explain this later.
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Geometrical Interpretations
of the Dot Product

AB is B = |B| times the magnitude

of As projection onto (i.e.,
component along) Bs direction.

Or vice-versa.

But, value gets negated if

we dont overshoot.
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AB

A cos = AB/B

Or, area of parallelogram

formed by rotating one
of the vectors 90 towards
the other one.

A
B
A

EEL3472 - Fields I, Spring 2009, Module 1

Area
AB

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Cross Product

The cross product of vectors A,B is the vector

AB = (AB sin )an

Where AB are magnitudes, is the

interior angle, and an is the normal
(perpendicular) unit vector to
A and B, by the right-hand rule

Magnitude is area of
parallelogram formed
by A and B.
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EEL3472 - Fields I, Spring 2009, Module 1

Area |AB|
B
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Some Properties of Cross Product

The cross product is anticommutative:

A B = (B A)
It can be written in terms of components as a
matrix determinant:
A B a x ( Ay Bz Az By ) a y ( Az Bx Ax Bz ) a z ( Ax By Ay Bx )
ax
Ax
Bx

ay
Ay
By

a[i Aj Bk ]
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az
Az
Bz

ax

ay

az

Ax
Bx

Ay
By

Az
Bz

Remember this rule:

Forwards order (xyz): positive.
Backwards order (zyx): negative.

Modern notation. i,j,k{x,y,z}; [ ] = Antisymmetrized sum over permutations of x,y,z

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Some Other Concepts Not Covered

See Sadiku text for information about

The Scalar Triple Product A(BC)

The Vector Triple Product A(BC)

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