Lecture Chp-9&10

Columns

Lecture Goals
Definitions for short columns
Columns

Analysis and Design of

Short Columns
General Information
Column:

Vertical Structural members

Transmits axial compressive loads with
or without moment
transmit loads from the floor & roof to
the foundation

Analysis and Design of

Short Columns
General Information
Column Types:

1. Tied
2. Spiral
3. Composite
4. Combination
5. Steel pipe

Analysis and Design of

Short Columns
Tied Columns - 95% of all columns in
buildings are tied
Tie spacing

h (except for seismic)

tie support long bars (reduce buckling)

ties provide negligible restraint to
lateral expose of core

Analysis and Design of

Short Columns
Spiral Columns
Pitch = 1.375 in. to 3.375 in.
spiral restrains lateral (Poissons effect)
axial load

delays failure (ductile)

Analysis and Design of

Short Columns
Elastic Behavior
An elastic analysis using the transformed section
method would be:
For concentrated load, P

P
fc
Ac nAst

f s nf c

uniform stress over section

n = Es / Ec
Ac = concrete area
As = steel area

Analysis and Design of

Short Columns
Elastic Behavior
The change in concrete strain with respect to time will
effect the concrete and steel stresses as follows:
Concrete stress

Steel stress

Analysis and Design of

Short Columns
Elastic Behavior
An elastic analysis does not work, because creep and
shrinkage affect the acting concrete compression strain
as follows:

Analysis and Design of

Short Columns
Elastic Behavior
Concrete creeps and shrinks, therefore we can
not calculate the stresses in the steel and concrete
due to acting loads using an elastic analysis.

Analysis and Design of

Short Columns
Elastic Behavior
Therefore, we are not able to calculate the real
stresses in the reinforced concrete column under
acting loads over time. As a result, an allowable
stress design procedure using an elastic analysis
was found to be unacceptable. Reinforced concrete
columns have been designed by a strength method
since the 1940s.
Note: Creep and shrinkage do not affect the strength
of the member.

Behavior, Nominal Capacity and

Design under Concentric Axial
loads
1. Initial Behavior up to Nominal Load - Tied and
spiral columns.

Behavior, Nominal Capacity and

Design under Concentric Axial
loads

Behavior, Nominal Capacity and

Design under Concentric Axial
loads
P0 0.85 f c * Ag Ast f y Ast
Let
Ag = Gross Area = b*h
Ast = area of long steel
fc = concrete compressive strength
fy = steel yield strength
Factor due to less than ideal consolidation and curing
conditions for column as compared to a cylinder. It is
not related to Whitneys stress block.

Behavior, Nominal Capacity and

Design under Concentric Axial
loads
2. Maximum Nominal Capacity for Design Pn (max)

Pn max rP0
r = Reduction factor to account for accidents/bending
r = 0.80 ( tied )
r = 0.85 ( spiral )

ACI 10.3.6.3

Behavior, Nominal Capacity and

Design under Concentric Axial
loads
3. Reinforcement Requirements (Longitudinal Steel Ast)
Let

Ast
g
Ag

- ACI Code 10.9.1 requires 0.01 g 0.08

Behavior, Nominal Capacity and

Design under Concentric Axial
loads
3. Reinforcement Requirements (Longitudinal Steel Ast)
- Minimum # of Bars ACI Code 10.9.2
min. of 6 bars in circular arrangement
w/min. spiral reinforcement.
min. of 4 bars in rectangular
arrangement
min. of 3 bars in triangular ties

Behavior, Nominal Capacity and

Design under Concentric Axial
loads
3. Reinforcement Requirements (Lateral Ties)
ACI Code 7.10.5.1
size

# 3 bar if longitudinal bar # 10 bar

# 4 bar if longitudinal bar # 11 bar
# 4 bar if longitudinal bars are bundled

Behavior, Nominal Capacity and

Design under Concentric Axial
loads
3. Reinforcement Requirements (Lateral Ties)
Vertical spacing: (ACI 7.10.5.2)
s
s
s

16 db

( db for longitudinal bars )

48 db ( db for tie bar )
least lateral dimension
of column

Behavior, Nominal Capacity and

Design under Concentric Axial
loads
3. Reinforcement Requirements (Lateral Ties)
Arrangement Vertical spacing: (ACI 7.10.5.3)
1.) At least every other longitudinal bar shall have
lateral support from the corner of a tie with an
included angle 135o.
2.) No longitudinal bar shall be more than 6 in.
clear on either side from support bar.

Behavior, Nominal Capacity and

Design under Concentric Axial
loads
Examples of
lateral ties.

Behavior, Nominal Capacity and

Design under Concentric Axial
loads
Reinforcement Requirements (Spirals )
ACI Code 7.10.4
size

1 in.

3/8 dia.(3/8 smooth bar,

#3 bar dll or wll wire)
clear spacing
between spirals

3 in.

ACI 7.10.4.3

Behavior, Nominal Capacity and

Design under Concentric Axial
loads
Reinforcement Requirements (Spiral)
Spiral Reinforcement Ratio, s

Volume of Spiral 4 Asp

s

Volume of Core
Dc s
Asp Dc
from : s

2
1 4 Dc s

Behavior, Nominal Capacity and

Design under Concentric Axial
loads
Reinforcement Requirements (Spiral)
A
f
c
g

s 0.45 *
1 *

ACI
Eqn.
10-5

Ac f y
where
Asp cross - sectional area of spiral reinforcement
Ac core area

Dc2
4

Dc core diameter : outside edge to outside edge of spiral

s spacing pitch of spiral steel (center to center)
f y yield strength of spiral steel 60,000 psi

Behavior, Nominal Capacity and

Design under Concentric Axial
loads
4. Design for Concentric Axial Loads
(a) Load Combination
Gravity:

Pu 1.2 PDL 1.6 PLL

Gravity + Wind:

Pu 1.2 PDL 1.0 PLL 1.6 Pw

and
etc.

Pu 0.9 PDL 1.3Pw

Check for
tension

Behavior, Nominal Capacity and

Design under Concentric Axial
loads
4. Design for Concentric Axial Loads
(b) General Strength Requirement

Pn Pu
where, = 0.65 for tied columns
= 0.7 for spiral columns

Behavior, Nominal Capacity and

Design under Concentric Axial
loads
4. Design for Concentric Axial Loads
(c) Expression for Design
defined:

Ast
g
Ag

ACI Code 0.01 g 0.08

Behavior, Nominal Capacity and

Design under Concentric Axial
loads

Pn r Ag 0.85 f c Ast f y 0.85 f c Pu

concrete

steel
or

Pn r Ag 0.85 f c g f y 0.85 f c Pu

Behavior, Nominal Capacity and

Design under Concentric Axial
loads
* when g is known or assumed:

Ag

Pu

r 0.85 f c g f y 0.85 f c

* when Ag is known or assumed:

Ast

P
u

0
.
85
f
y
c

Ag 0.85 f c

Example: Design Tied Column fo

Concentric Axial Load

Example: Design Tied Column

for
Concentric Axial Load
Design tied column for concentric axial load
Pdl = 150 k; Pll = 300 k; Pw = 50 k
fc = 4500 psi fy = 60 ksi
Design a square column aim for g = 0.03.
Select longitudinal transverse reinforcement.

Example: Design Tied Column

for
Concentric Axial
Load the loading
Determine
Pu 1.2 Pdl 1.6 Pll

1.2 150 k 1.6 300 k 660 k

Pu 1.2 Pdl 1.0 Pll 1.6 Pw

1.2 150 k 1.0 300 k 1.6 50 k 560 k

Check the compression or tension in the column

Pu 0.9 Pdl 1.3Pw

0.9 150 k 1.3 50 k 70 k

Example: Design Tied Column

for
Concentric Axial
Load
For a square column r = 0.80 and = 0.65 and = 0.03
Ag

Pu

r 0.85f c g f y 0.85f c

660 k
0.85 4.5 ksi

0.65 0.8

0.03 60 ksi 0.85 4.5 ksi

230.4 in 2
Ag d 2 d 15.2 in. d 16 in.

Example: Design Tied Column

for
Concentric Axial
Load
For a square column, A =A = 0.03(15.2 in.)2 =6.93 in2
s

1
Ast
f y 0.85fc

Pu

r 0.85f c Ag

60 ksi 0.85 4.5 ksi

660 k
2
*
0.85 4.5 ksi 16 in
0.65 0.8

5.16 in 2
Use 8 #8 bars Ast = 8(0.79 in2) = 6.32 in2

Example: Design Tied Column

for
Concentric Axial
Load
Check
P0
P0 0.85f c Ag Ast f y Ast

0.85 4.5 ksi 256 in 2 6.32 in 2 60 ksi 6.32 in 2

1334 k

Pn rP0 0.65 0.8 1334 k 694 k > 660 k OK

Example: Design Tied Column

for
Concentric Axial
Load
Use #3 ties compute the spacing
s

b # d b 2 cover dstirrup

# bars 1
16 in. 3 1.0 in. 2 1.5 in. 0.375 in.

2
4.625 in. < 6 in. No cross-ties needed

Example: Design Tied Column

for
Concentric Axial
Load
Stirrup
design
16d b 16 1.0 in.
16 in.

s 48dstirrup 48 0.375 in. 18 in.

smaller b or d
16 in.

governs
governs

Use #3 stirrups with 16 in. spacing in the column

Behavior under Combined

Bending and Axial Loads
Usually moment is represented by axial load times
eccentricity, i.e.

Behavior under Combined

Bending and Axial Loads
Interaction Diagram Between Axial Load and Moment
Failure Envelope )
Concrete crushes
before steel yields
Steel yields before
concrete crushes

Note: Any combination of P and M outside the

envelope will cause failure.

Behavior under Combined

Bending and Axial Loads
Axial Load and Moment Interaction Diagram General

Behavior under Combined

Bending and Axial Loads
Resultant Forces action at Centroid
( h/2 in this case )

Pn Cs1 Cc Ts2

compression
is positive

Moment about geometric center

h
h

h a

M n Cs1 * d1 Cc * Ts2 * d 2
2
2

2 2

Columns in Pure
Tension
Section is completely cracked (no concrete
axial capacity)
Uniform Strain

y
N

Pn tension f y As
i 1

Columns
Strength Reduction Factor, (ACI Code 9.3.2)
(a) Axial tension, and axial tension with flexure.
= 0.9
(b) Axial compression and axial compression with
flexure.
Members with spiral reinforcement confirming
to 10.9.3

Other reinforced members

Columns
Except for low values of axial compression, may be
increased as follows:
when f y 60,000 psi and reinforcement is symmetric
and

h d d s 0.70
h

ds = distance from extreme tension fiber to centroid of

tension reinforcement.
Then may be increased linearly to 0.9 as Pn
decreases from 0.10fc Ag to zero.

Column

Columns
Commentary:
Other sections:
may be increased linearly to 0.9 as the
strain s increase in the tension steel. Pb

Design for Combined

Bending and Axial Load
(Short Column)

Design - select cross-section and reinforcement

to resist axial load and moment.

Design for Combined

Bending and Axial Load
(Short Column)
Column Types
1) Spiral Column - more efficient for e/h < 0.1,
but forming and spiral expensive
2) Tied Column - Bars in four faces used when
e/h < 0.2 and for biaxial bending

General Procedure
The interaction diagram for a column is
constructed using a series of values for Pn and
Mn. The plot shows the outside envelope of the
problem.

General Procedure for

Construction of ID

Compute P0 and determine maximum Pn in

compression
Select a c value (multiple values)
Calculate the stress in the steel components.
Calculate the forces in the steel and
concrete,Cc, Cs1 and Ts.
Determine Pn value.
Compute the Mn about the center.
Compute moment arm,e = Mn / Pn.

General Procedure for

Construction of ID

Repeat with series of c values (10) to obtain a

series of values.
Obtain the maximum tension value.
Plot Pn verse Mn.
Determine Pn and Mn.
Find the maximum compression level.
Find the will vary linearly from 0.65 to 0.9
for the strain values
The tension component will be = 0.9

Example: Axial Load vs.

Moment
Interaction
Diagram
Consider an square column (20 in x 20 in.) with 8 #10
( = 0.0254) and fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi. Draw the
interaction diagram.

Example: Axial Load vs.

Moment
Interaction
Diagram
Given 8 # 10 (1.27 in2) and fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi

Ast 8 1.27 in 2 10.16 in 2

Ag 20 in. 400 in 2
2

Ast 10.16 in 2

0.0254
2
Ag
400 in

Example: Axial Load vs.

Moment
Interaction
Diagram
Given 8 # 10 (1.27 in2) and fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi
P0 0.85 f c Ag Ast f y Ast

0.85 4 ksi 400 in 10.16 in

2

60 ksi 10.16 in

1935 k
Pn rP0

0.8 1935 k 1548 k

[ Point 1 ]

Example: Axial Load vs.

Moment
Interaction
Diagram
Determine where the balance point, cb.

Example: Axial Load vs.

Moment
Interaction
Diagram
Determine where the balance point, c . Using similar
b

triangles, where d = 20 in. 2.5 in. = 17.5 in., one can

find cb
cb
17.5 in.

0.003 0.003 0.00207

0.003

cb
17.5 in.
0.003 0.00207
cb 10.36 in.

Example: Axial Load vs.

Moment
Interaction
Diagram
Determine
the strain of the steel
cb 2.5 in.
10.36 in. 2.5 in.
s1
cu
0.003
cb
10.36 in.

0.00228
cb 10 in.
10.36 in. 10 in.
s2
cu
0.003
cb
10.36 in.

0.000104

Example: Axial Load vs.

Moment
Interaction
Diagram
Determine the stress in the steel

f s1 Es s1 29000 ksi 0.00228

66 ksi 60 ksi compression
f s2 Es s1 29000 ksi 0.000104
3.02 ksi compression

Example: Axial Load vs.

Moment
Interaction
Diagram
Compute the forces in the column
Cc 0.85 f cb 1c

0.85 4 ksi 20 in. 0.85 10.36 in.

598.8 k

Cs1 As1 f s1 0.85 f c

3 1.27 in 2 60 ksi 0.85 4 ksi

215.6 k

Cs2 2 1.27 in 2 3.02 ksi 0.85 4 ksi

0.97 k neglect

Example: Axial Load vs.

Moment
Interaction
Diagram
Compute the forces in the column
Ts As fs 3 1.27 in

60 ksi

228.6 k
Pn Cc Cs1 Cs2 Ts
599.8 k 215.6 k 228.6 k
585.8 k

Example: Axial Load vs.

Moment
Interaction
Diagram
Compute
the moment about the center
h a
h

h
M Cc Cs1
d1 Ts d 3
2 2
2

2
20 in. 0.85 10.85 in.
599.8 k

2
2

20 in.

215.6 k
2.5 in.
2

20 in.
228.6 k 17.5 in.

6682.2 k-in 556.9 k-ft

Example: Axial Load vs.

Moment
Interaction
Diagram
A
single point from interaction diagram,
(585.6 k, 556.9 k-ft). The eccentricity of the point is
defined as

M 6682.2 k-in
e

11.41 in.
P
585.8 k
[ Point 2 ]

Example: Axial Load vs.

Moment
Interaction
Diagram
Now select a series of additional points by selecting
values of c. Select c = 17.5 in. Determine the strain
of the steel. (c is at the location of the tension steel)

c 2.5 in.
17.5 in. 2.5 in.

s1
cu
0.003
c
17.5 in.

0.00257 f s1 74.5 ksi 60 ksi (compression)

c 10 in.
17.5 in. 10 in.
s2
cu
0.003
c
17.5 in.

0.00129 f s2 37.3 ksi (compression)

Example: Axial Load vs.

Moment
Interaction
Diagram
Compute the forces in the column
Cc 0.85 f cb 1c 0.85 4 ksi 20 in. 0.85 17.5 in.
1012 k

Cs1 As1 f s1 0.85 f c 3 1.27 in 2 60 ksi 0.85 4 ksi

216 k

Cs2 2 1.27 in 2 37.3 ksi 0.85 4 ksi

86 k

Example: Axial Load vs.

Moment
Interaction
Diagram
Compute the forces in the column
Ts As f s 3 1.27 in

0 ksi

0k
Pn 1012 k 216 k 86 k
1314 k

Example: Axial Load vs.

Moment
Interaction
Diagram
Compute the moment about the center
h a
h
M Cc Cs1
d1
2 2
2
20 in. 0.85 17.5 in.
1012 k

2
2

20 in.

216 k
2.5 in.
2

4213 k-in 351.1 k-ft

Example: Axial Load vs.

Moment
Interaction
Diagram
A
single point from interaction diagram,
(1314 k, 351.1 k-ft). The eccentricity of the point is
defined as

M 4213 k-in
e

3.2 in.
P
1314 k
[ Point 3 ]

Example: Axial Load vs.

Moment
Interaction
Diagram
Select
c = 6 in. Determine the strain of the steel, c =6 in.
c 2.5 in.
6 in. 2.5 in.

s1
cu
0.003
c
6 in.

0.00175 fs1 50.75 ksi (compression)

c 10 in.
6 in. 10 in.
s2
cu
0.003
c
6 in.

0.002 f s2 58 ksi (tension)

c 17.5 in.
6 in. 17.5 in.
s3
cu
0.003
c
6 in.

0.00575 f s3 60 ksi (tension)

Example: Axial Load vs.

Moment
Interaction
Diagram
Compute the forces in the column
Cc 0.85 f cb 1c

0.85 4 ksi 20 in. 0.85 6 in.

346.8 k

Cs1 As1 f s1 0.85 f c

3 1.27 in 2 50.75 ksi 0.85 4 ksi

180.4 k C

Cs2 2 1.27 in 2 58 ksi

147.3 k T

Example: Axial Load vs.

Moment
Interaction
Diagram
Compute the forces in the column
Ts As f s 3 1.27 in

60 ksi

228.6 k
Pn 346.8 k 180.4 k 147.3 k 228.6 k
151.3 k

Example: Axial Load vs.

Moment
Interaction
Diagram
Compute
the moment about the center
h a
h

h
M Cc Cs1
d1 Ts d 3
2 2
2

2
0.85 6 in.

346.8 k 10 in.

180.4 k 10 in. 2.5 in.

228.6 k 17.5 in. 10 in.

5651 k-in 470.9 k-ft

Example: Axial Load Vs.

Moment Interaction Diagram
A single point from interaction diagram,
(151 k, 471 k-ft). The eccentricity of the point is
defined as

M 5651.2 k-in
e

37.35 in.
P
151.3 k
[ Point 4 ]

Example: Axial Load vs.

Moment
Interaction
Diagram
Select
point of straight tension. The maximum tension
in the column is

Pn As f y 8 1.27 in

60 ksi

610 k
[ Point 5 ]

Example: Axial Load vs.

Moment
Interaction
Diagram
Point

c (in)

Pn

Mn

1548 k

20

1515 k

253 k-ft

2 in

17.5

1314 k

351 k-ft

3.2 in

12.5

841 k

500 k-ft

7.13 in

10.36

585 k

556 k-ft

11.42 in

8.0

393 k

531 k-ft

16.20 in

6.0

151 k

471 k-ft

37.35 in

~4.5

0k

395 k-ft

infinity

-610 k

0 k-ft

Example: Axial Load vs.

Moment
Interaction
Diagram
Use a series of c
values to obtain the
Pn verses Mn.

Column Analysis
2000
1500

P (k)

1000
500
0
0

100

200

300

-500
-1000

M (k-ft)

400

500

600

Example: Axial Load vs.

Moment
Interaction
Diagram
Max. compression
Column Analysis
1200
1000

Location of the
linearly varying

800

Pn (k)

600

Cb

400
200
0
-200

100

200

300

-400

Max. tension

-600
-800

Mn (k-ft)

400

500