Moral Educ Chapter 2

THEORIES AND VALUE SYSTEM
THEORIES AND
VALUE SYSTEM
Social Morality Theory
&
Theory of Personality
Virtue
INTRODUCTION
The objective:
To expose the student to the
various ethical and moral theories
To guide the students to make a
decision and judgment about
their action in certain situations.
THEORIES AND VALUE SYSTEMS

Theory of Personality Virtue
Theory of Social Morality
Theory of Teleology
Theory of Deontology
Custom, habit, courtesy, character, action etc, are

connected with regulations and standards followed by
society.
Normative values and
Social Morality System
societal regulations
become a measure or
criterion to determine
whether a certain action
is right
or wrong
It is proper that the social morality
to explain
the ethics in
society.
ELEMENTS IN SOCIAL LIFE

LAWS
COORDINATION
PROCESS
Leader & members of society
COMMUNICATION
Leadership skill of
ethics & system
Jia you jia gui, guo

you guo fa
The
CHINESE
Chinese
saying
A family regulations or a
nation has its laws
An individual has to
know what he can and
cannot do, and
whether a certain
action is right or wrong
The daily life of Christians is
governed by the commands and

prohibitions set out in The Ten
Commandments
Christian
which prohibit killing, adulterous
relation, slandering, stealing,

etc.
Hindu
Hindus are required to

observe the moral
regulations in ancient
writings like the
Ramayana and The
Upanisads.
These regulations
guide the Hindus about
what they ought to do
and what they must
shun.
Malay
The Malays who are

Muslims, practice a
disciplined life
observing the moral
and ethical teaching
of the Quran and The
Hadis
Some important
Society in Malaysia
rules
of
Upon visiting Malay

house, all Malaysians will
take their shoes off before
entering a Malay house.
Reason- when they
perform their prayers they
usually do this in the
living room.
Some important rules of

Society in Malaysia
The head is considered

sacred and untouchable in
Eastern culture.
Age takes precedence
over almost everything
else, i.e. younger person
would very likely make the
first
move
to
salam
(handshake)
12
12
12
12
12
Once enter the house, go straight and

find the old people.
Drink local wine
Long House rules
Must get a permission to en

Bad luck would result if a
visitor enters a new
longhouse while it is being
constructed.
Walking under a long
house is also considered
a taboo
GROUP
DISCUSSION AND
ACTIVITIES
Imagine that a
visitor from a
different culture is
coming to your
country. You are
going to draw up
a list of eight tips
about social
behaviour. Make a
list of ideas under
the following
headings:
1.
Addressing people (old

people, leaders, Sultan..etc.
PM)
2.
Meeting and greeting
3.
Gestures (agree, show

direction)
4.
Public behaviour (lrt, college,

worship houses, etc)
5.
An invitation to someones
house (wedding, birthday
party, reply)
6.
At a meal (talk, table

manner, etc..)
7.
Dress code (during function,

celebration, funeral, etc..)
INDIVIDUAL
EXERCISE
1. YOU need to find any outdated rules

which is still practised in your society.
2. Try to critically evaluate that rules.
3. Make some changes if it is no longer
relevant to be practised.
ANALYSIS OF OUTDATED RULES
Strengthen a system of behavior that will bring

benefits to self as well as to other people.
FUNCTION OF
SOCIETAL RULES
To resolve conflict in the society by giving

justifications,
Between group + different

rules=conflict
Leader become
dictator + too
powerful=Extre
me obedient
WEAKNESSESS OF
SOCIAL MORALITY
SYSTEM THEORY
Regulations considered
bad and cruel + cant
be challenged +
remained be forced to
obey it
Difficult to adapt to a new situation
Definition: Ethic has to connect with

individuality honorable and behavior
characteristic
Personality is
more important
than rules of
society
Theory of
Personality
Virtue
Emphasis on
character
building
Virtue or individuality honorable is the group of

concept like justice, bravery, that plays important
role in life moral.
Virtue or individuality honorable is the
group of concept like justice, bravery,

honesty, generosity, patience and wisdom
that plays important role in life
Individuality honorable is an inclination to
do with a purpose. It is not naturally
produced, as a person the individual is not
bestowing with honorable or evil
characteristic.
The main scholars are Aristotle and Rachel
Each action there is one Middle Way.
Refer Table 1
Middl
Middle way
e
way
Action that is more

excessive or
extremely less is a
wrong action, evil,
bad and can be
criticize
Not more excessive and not extremely lesser.
TABLE 1: MIDDLE WAY

Good
behavior @
Feeling
More
excessive
Middle
Way
Extremely Less
Spend
Extravagant
Generous
Stingy
Anger
Mad/
Irritated
Patience
Unenthusiastic
Wise
Ashamed/Inferior
Conversation/
Socializing
Arrogant/ Big
Headed
However Barnes criticizes the doctrine of
'middle way'.
The 'middle way doctrine doesn't give
advice and information about possibility or
method that was stated fair, medium or
good to vice actions. (Not all action, we
should take MW)
I.e: If your friend ask you to steal or taking
drugs, you will follow the middle way
(courage) rather than extremely less
(coward)
The formation of personality is in gradual stage

which can be sees as follows :
CHILDHOOD
ADOLESCENT/YOUT
H
MATURE
During childhood: We are only told what is
correct and what is wrong. We will obey advise

without thinking so as to avoid punishment.
Childhood obedience to moral standard is based
on self-interest
When we reach adolescence: the moral
standard becomes internalized. We begin to
understand the implications clearer, and obey
them because they appease the people we know
and the people who are related to us. Obedience
to moral standard at the stage is based on
loyalty to family, to friends or to country.
When you become mature, moral
standard inherited from our family can

be passed on through our family, peers,
our culture etc. We begin to evaluate
moral standard and their consequence.
Ie: Saving money, Respecting others,
Time management
Based on the family approach:
traditional or modern
Traditional approach refers to standards or
rules of our ancestors.

An individual accepts and act accordingly
because they are prescribed norms.
An individual is expected to conduct
himself within the boundaries of traditional
morality.
Ie: Time management: Bad action when
coming home late at night
Modern approaches calls for reasoning
and consideration of the individual.

Modern approaches- is to be familiar
with the reasoning and then to observe
or oppose the traditional rule.
Not rigid, open (freedom)
Personality virtues are

habits,
Personality virtues
are good, they
differ from bad
habits and vices.
Personalit
Middle way
y Virtues
Personality
virtues
are operational
Personality virtues are perfect
All personality virtues are acquired
through the learning or training

process
Personality virtues are habit ; they are
ordinary deed that is prominent that
can formed individual characteristic
Personality virtues are operational;
they enable us to determine how to
behave and act in certain way.
They are perfect, and allow us to act in
the best possible manner. With the

acquisition of personality virtues, we
become good individuals.
And we will avoid ourselves from
committing bad action
THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SKILLS & PERSONALITY

VIRTUES
SKILLS
PERSONALITY VIRTUES
Not really important as personality

virtues, skill can make us excellent,
but we will fail without personality
virtues
Inherited and important , guide for

life
Skills are so limited to specific area
Quality in life, wide (covers all

aspect in life)
Skill (playing chess) can be forgotten We cant forget to differentiate

between good & bad
Easy to get (through training &
practice)
Sometimes hard to be obtained I.e.

telling truth is not easy where there
is tendency to lie
Skills may allowed a rest time
No rest (cant take moral

holiday).personality virtues needed
to be implemented all the time.
The National Chief Secretary introduced the idea of Twelve

Pillars as a guide to improve the quality of civil service.
Diagram 2 shows the poster of The Twelve Pillars
Duties Must Be Done
Prudence And Thrift
Give Priority To Patient
Sharpen Your Ability
Be Creative
Value Time
Influence By Example
Diligence Brings Success

Enjoy Your Work
Moderation Is Virtue
Personal Enhancement
Be Kind
Source: Institut Tadbiran Awam Negara (INTAN)

Malaysia
(COURTESY CAMPAIGN 2005)
NEWSPAPER HEADLINES IN
PROMOTING GOOD VIRTUES
Civil servants manning telephone lines and

counters and having regular dealings with
the public are now being taught to smile.
THE STAR FEBRUARY 21
Siti Nurhaliza, singer of the campaign's

theme song Budi Bahasa Budaya Kita
composed by Suhaimi Md Zain (Pak Ngah)
and lyrics by Habsah Hassan.
BERNAMA.COM, FEBRUARY 20
When a member of a community met

with an accident in the public places, at
least contact the police or hospital or
take other necessary steps. If you don't,
it means that we are a passive
community," he said.
DATO SERI UTAMA DR. RAIS YATIM,
DAILY EXPRESS MARCH 12
Everyone said please and thank you

especially in the shops. But, a minute
later they all reverted back to the same
sullenness again
MARINA MAHATHIR, JANUARY 26
INDIVIDUAL EXERCISE
AS THE MANAGER OF WELL KNOWN

ADVERTISING COMPANY, YOU NEED
THE COOPERATION OF YOUR
DESIGNERS TO INCREASE THE QUALITY
OF ADVERTISEMENT PRODUCED.
SO, WHAT ARE THE PERSONALITY

VIRTUES DO YOU WISH YOUR STAFF
POSSES AND STATE WHY THEY NEED
TO HAVE THAT VIRTUES?
VIRTUE
REASON
Punctuality
Meeting the deadline
Knowledgeable
Software keep develop and

changing
Patient
Entertain the needs of client
Willing to sacrifices
Working long hours and on-call

based
Definition: A value/ an action is considered right or

wrong depends on the final result of an action.
1.
Utilitarianism
Theory
Middle way of
Teleology
2. Egoism
Action + good result & consequences = MORALLY

RIGHT
Action + bad result and consequences = MORALLY
WRONG
THEORIES AND
VALUE SYSTEM
Teleology Theory
&
Deontology Theory
Teleological theory which places great emphasis on

the consequential result is also known as
consequentialism
Theory
of
Teleolo
gy
i.e. act of
euthanasia;
morally acts if it is bring good consequence/result

-lessen the pain of the patient;
if it is not, then it is considered as immoral
Euthanasia
Derived from Greek means to die in
comfort (eu=good; thanatos=die)

Also refer to the act of a medical doctor
to lessen the suffering of a patient
during death.
Euthanasia also means mercy killing i.e;
to hasten death to end a patients
suffering
EUTHANASIA/Mercy Killing
Active Euthanasia or voluntary euthanasia
is the intentional taking of a human life to

avoid suffering. The sufferer or his legal
representative must give consent. It is
illegal in most countries.
Passive Euthanasia involuntary
euthanasia is allowing death to take place
by with-holding the medicine or
medication needed for life. The sufferer
may or may not consent. It is not illegal
in most countries.
ARGUMENTS IN FAVOUR OF
EUTHANASIA THEORIES AND VALUE SYSTEM
Euthanasia Guarantees Death
with Dignity. Every person has

a right to die with dignity, and
death is part of the package
deal of life. Active euthanasia
is a guarantee to a dignified
death, and allows us to have
control or choice over our own
demise.
Euthanasia is An Act of Mercy
to the Sufferer, We should be
as humane as possible and not
prolong suffering. If there is no
more hope for the sufferer, the
most compassionate act is to
put him out of his misery.
Keeping him alive is just
prolonging the inevitable.
Euthanasia is An Act of Mercy
of Mercy to the Sufferer's

Family. In most cases, the
sufferer is not the only person
suffering as family members
also suffer, emotionally and
financially. Euthanasia will
relieve the family of a heavy
burden.
Against the Natural Dying
Process. Using a machine to
keep a person alive is against
the natural dying process.
There is a limit to life, and that
limit is reached with natural
death. To keep a person alive
through a machine is to
unnecessarily extend those
limits.
ARGUMENTS AGAINST
EUTHANASIA THEORIES AND VALUE SYSTEM
Humans Should Not Play God.
There is no moral right to

intentionally kill an innocent
human being who has done
nothing wrong except to be
terminally ill. Only God has the
right over human lives.
Humans should not play God.
Killing Does Not Stop Pain.
Killing never stops pain
because killing itself is pain.
Family members who
contribute to the decision to
put away an elderly relative
would never be able to erase
the pain of such a decision.
There is Much to Be Learnt from
Suffering. Held among some

religious groups is the view that
suffering is a time of refining and
character building. Often, family are
drawn closer together because of
suffering and tragedy. Besides,
doctors today are able to prevent
more people from suffering based
on medical test results of those who
had suffered.
No Price Tag on Humans. We should
not have merciful death for the
reason of saving money. Are we to
preserve life only if we can afford
it? This would be a very
materialistic philosophy indeed,
and entirely unmoral.
Lets think
When we make choices

which resulting in the correct
consequences, then we are
acting morally;
when we make choices
which resulting in the
incorrect consequences, then
we are acting immorally.
FOUNDER/ SCHOLAR
Jeremy Bentham(1748-1832)
John Stuart Mill(1806-1873)
Actions are right if they are useful or for the

greatest happiness of the greatest number of
people.
Middle way
Utilitariani
sm
The bombing of
Hiroshima, for
instance, was aimed
the end of World War
2
Action+ happiness+ a lot number of people =

Morally right
Utilitarianism Act
The right course of action is the one
that produces benefits or happiness for

many people.
i.e. stealing food to be given to the
poor people.
i.e a govt officer accepting bribe to build
a bridge (avoid traffic congestion) from
a contractor + bring happiness to ppl.
It will bring great pleasure to a lot of
people ; so it is permissible and morally

right even involved the means of
stealing and bribing
Utilitarian Law
We should follow or obey rules, which
will maximize pleasure for all concerned

Ie: the act of taking bribe and awarded
the project to the contactor for the
benefit of people is morally right, but if
the bridge collapsed and cause pain,
then the people in charge will be
punished by law
(guilty/unacceptable/immoral)
ADVANTAGES
Based on the majority not individualistic
Sacrifice self needs
Concerned on happiness rather than
pain
Action that is carried out doesnt

guarantee will bring justice and admit to the
others rights.
Weakne
ss
Happiness
& suffering
related to the feeling that
is very subjective.
Correct or wrong of
ones action is not
based or is
determined from the
results of the action
EGOISM
Egoism or selfishness can be defined as
concern with one self interest or

seeking or concentrating on one's
own advantages or pleasure or well
being without regard for other.
a theory which considers a value as good
if it is benefits the individual himself, bad
or cruel if it harms or suffer or loss.
FOUNDER/ SCHOLAR
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzshe (1844-1900).
Deons-obligate
or is obliged.
Deontology
a value as good if it
benefits the individual
himself, bad or cruel if it
harms causes him to
suffer or loss.
the action can be carried out just like that because one of the acti
or not assumed good.
There are 2 types of deontological

theories
Existentialism Principle
Obligation Principle
Obligations principle indicates that the responsibility

should be implemented because the practice is a
responsibility.
Give
dana/
donatio
nas a
Buddhis
t
Obligation
Principle
e.g.; turn to vote

during election
good individuals from the viewpoint of moral are the

individual who are always behave or acting on the
obligations basis (respect the law)
One value whether it is good or bad must be based on

the individual's choice freely.
Free
Choice
Existentialism
Principle
Donate to
mosque is a good
value over choice
itself .
On the other hand, the individual's choice become

bad value if it is carried out because he/she being
forced to do so.

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THEORIES AND VALUE SYSTEM

THEORIES AND VALUE SYSTEM

THEORIES AND VALUE SYSTEM

THEORIES AND VALUE SYSTEMS

THEORIES AND VALUE SYSTEM

Custom, habit, courtesy, character, action etc, are

THEORIES AND VALUE SYSTEM

ELEMENTS IN SOCIAL LIFE

THEORIES AND VALUE SYSTEM

Jia you jia gui, guo

THEORIES AND VALUE SYSTEM

The daily life of Christians is

governed by the commands and

which prohibit killing, adulterous

relation, slandering, stealing,

THEORIES AND VALUE SYSTEM

Hindus are required to

THEORIES AND VALUE SYSTEM

The Malays who are

THEORIES AND VALUE SYSTEM

Upon visiting Malay

THEORIES AND VALUE SYSTEM

Some important rules of

The head is considered

Once enter the house, go straight and

Drink local wine

Long House rules

Must get a permission to en

THEORIES AND VALUE SYSTEM

Addressing people (old

Meeting and greeting

Gestures (agree, show

Public behaviour (lrt, college,

At a meal (talk, table

Dress code (during function,

THEORIES AND VALUE SYSTEM

1. YOU need to find any outdated rules

THEORIES AND VALUE SYSTEM

Strengthen a system of behavior that will bring

To resolve conflict in the society by giving

THEORIES AND VALUE SYSTEM

Between group + different

Difficult to adapt to a new situation

THEORIES AND VALUE SYSTEM

Definition: Ethic has to connect with

Virtue or individuality honorable is the group of

THEORIES AND VALUE SYSTEM

Virtue or individuality honorable is the

group of concept like justice, bravery,

THEORIES AND VALUE SYSTEM

Each action there is one Middle Way.

Action that is more

Not more excessive and not extremely lesser.

THEORIES AND VALUE SYSTEM

TABLE 1: MIDDLE WAY

THEORIES AND VALUE SYSTEM

However Barnes criticizes the doctrine of

THEORIES AND VALUE SYSTEM

The formation of personality is in gradual stage

THEORIES AND VALUE SYSTEM

During childhood: We are only told what is

correct and what is wrong. We will obey advise

THEORIES AND VALUE SYSTEM

When you become mature, moral