Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Digestive System
C. 25
Fig. 25.1
Periodontal Disease
Figure 25.5
Treatment:
Virulence factor:
Prevention:
Diagnosis:
Fig. 25.6
Cholera
Vibrio cholera: slightly curved, Gram(-) rod,
single polar flagellum (noninvasive)
Grows in small intestine and produce cholera
exotoxin
Figure 25.11
http://textbookofbacteriolo
gy.net/staph.html
Clostridium Infections
Clostridium perfringens gastroenteritis
Gram positive, endospore-forming, obligatory anaerobic
Grow in intestinal tract, producing exotoxin (abdominal pain & diarrhea)
Usually associated with improper cooling of foods
C. difficileassociated diarrhea
Grows following prolonged antibiotic therapy
Discontinuation of the antibiotic and oral rehydration therapy needed
Associated with hospitalized patients and nursing home residents (often
due to poor hand hygiene of health care workers)
http://textbookofbacteriology.net/staph.html
Enteroinvasive E. coli
Preventive measures:
Shigellosis
Shigella sonnei
S. dysenteriae
Virulence factors:
Infections:
Shigella spp.
Salmonellosis
Salmonella:
>2,000 serotypes, invasive
Poultry contamination:
Treatment:
Antibiotics not necessary;
Self-limiting; oral rehydration therapy
Fig. 25.9
Typhoid fever
Typhoid Fever
Symptoms:
Salmonella typhi
Treatment:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
Typhoid Mary
Mary Mallon (1869-1938), also known as
Typhoid Mary, was the first person in the
United States to be identified as a healthy
carrier of typhoid fever. Over the course of
her career as a cook, she infected 47 people,
three of whom died from the disease. Her
notoriety is in part due to her vehement denial
of her own role in spreading the disease,
together with her refusal to cease working as a
cook. She was forcibly quarantined twice by
public health authorities and died in quarantine.
It was also possible that she was born with the
disease, as her mother had typhoid fever during
her pregnancy.
What rights do these people have?
As a health care worker, how will you serve this
group of people?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
Hepatitis
Hepatitis
Transmission
Causative agent
Fecal-oral
Picornaviridae
Chronic
liver
disease?
No
Vaccine?
Parenteral,
STD
Hepadnaviridae
Yes
Recombinant
Parenteral
Filoviridae
Yes
No
Pareteral, HBV
coinfection
Deltaviridae
Yes
HBV vaccine
Fecal-oral
Caliciviridae
No
No
Inactivated
virus
Reproductive system
Shares organs of the urinary system
Produce gametes for reproduction; female provide support
and nourishment for embryo and fetus
Sexual contact promote exchange of m/os
Urinary Organs
Two kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 urinary
bladder and 1 urethra
In male, urethra is for both urine
and seminal fluid
Physiological valves prevent the
backflow of urine to kidneys to
avoid LUT infections
Acidity of urine has antimicrobial
properties
Flushing action of urine to remove
the microbes
Normal urine is sterile but pick up
m/os through the urethra
Figures 26.1
Normal Microbiota
Urinary bladder and upper urinary tract are
sterile (acidic urine and flushing action)
Anterior urethra
Vagina:
with vaginal
epithelial cell
Cystitis
Inflammation of bladder
Diagnostic:
Contributing factors:
Treatment: Antibiotics
Urethritis
Inflammation of urethra
Symptoms dysuria, painful or difficult
urination
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the kidneys (one or both)
25% of untreated cystitis progress to pyelonephritis
Usually a complication of lower urinary infection
Can be due to systemic infections (why?)
E. coli responsible for about 75%
>10,000 CFU/ml and a positive LE test
If the infection becomes chronic, scar tissues will be
formed and impaired the function of kidneys
Treatment broad-spectrum antibiotics, e.g. second or
third generation cephalosporin
Vaginitis
Clue cell
Candidiasis
Candida albicans (yeast)
By the age of 25, 50% women may
encounter at least 1 yeast infection (8590% due to this m/o)
Grows on mucosa of mouth, intestinal
tract, and genitourinary tract; an
opportunistic pathogen
Causes nongonococcal urethritis (NGU)
in males
Causes vulvovaginal candidiasis in
females
Diagnosis is by microscopic identification
and culture of yeast
Diabetes and antibiotic therapy are the
predisposing factors
Treatment: topical fungicides such as
clotrimazole or miconazole; or a single
dose of oral fluconazole
Trichomoniasis
Gonorrhea
Common reportable or notifiable disease
Females may be asymptomatic
Males have painful urination and pus discharge
Virulence factors: fimbriae (attach to mucosal cells), Opa (prevents
activation of lymphocytes and turns off proliferation. This will block adaptive
immunity to gonorrhea), antigenic variation
If left untreated, may result in a serious systemic infection
Complications can involve the joints (arthritis), heart (endocarditis), meningitis, eyes
(neonatal gonorrheal ophthalmia)
Can cause PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) in women and lead to sterility
Pregnant women can infect infants during child birth and result in blindness; for preventive
measure, antibiotics are placed in the eyes of newborn
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Figure 26.7
Chlamydia trachomatis
Most common STI in Canada and
USA (& worldwide)
Symptoms
Men: painful urination, whitish discharge from penis
Women: itching, burning in genitals, greenish vaginal
discharge, dull pelvic pain
Both sexes can display nongononcoccoal urethritis
(NGU), trachoma, infertility and lymphogranuloma
venereum
Prostatitis and epididymitis in men, symptoms are
mild
In women (5x than men) it causes pelvic
inflammatory disease (PID), cervicitis, ectopic
pregnancy, eye infections
In infants: neonatal conjunctivitis, infant pneumonia
Chlamydia trachomatis
inclusion bodies (brown)
in a McCoy cell culture.
C. trachomatis infection
can be effectively cured
with antibiotics- e.g.
Erythromycin
Syphilis
1o
2o
Figure 26.10
Viral Infections
Genital Herpes
Herpes simplex virus 2 (human herpesvirus 2, HSV-2)
Genital Warts
Human papillomaviruses
Viral characteristics _______________
Treatment: Imiquimod to stimulate
interferon
HPV 16 (serotype) causes cervical cancer
and cancer of the penis