PENCERNAAN DAN ABSORBSI

Yulia suciati

Bagian Biokimia
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Yarsi
AP Biology

AP Biology

What do animals need to live?

Animals make energy
using:

food
oxygen

food

Animals build bodies

using:

food for raw materials

amino acids, sugars,

fats, nucleotides

AP Biology

ATP

O2

ATP energy for synthesis

3

KH

Protein

Lemak

PROSES PENCERNAAN

Monosakarida

Asam Amino

ABSORBSI
AP Biology

Monoasilgliserol
Gliserol
Asam Lemak

Getting & Using Food

Ingest

taking in food

Digest

mechanical digestion
breaking up food into smaller pieces

chemical digestion
breaking down food into molecules small

intracellular
digestion

enough to be absorbed into cells

enzymes (hydrolysis)

Absorb

absorb across cell membrane

diffusion
active transport

Eliminate
undigested extracellular material passes
AP Biology out of digestive system 5

extracellular
digestion

Human digestive system

Alimentary Canal

AP Biology

Ingestion
Mouth

mechanical digestion
teeth
breaking up food

AP Biology

chemical digestion
saliva
amylase
enzyme digests starch
mucin
slippery protein (mucus)
protects soft lining of digestive system
lubricates food for easier swallowing
buffers
neutralizes acid to prevent tooth decay
anti-bacterial chemicals
kill bacteria that enter mouth with food
7

mouth
break up food
moisten food
digest starch
kill germs

AP Biology

Stomach
Functions

food storage
can stretch to fit ~2L food

disinfect food
HCl = pH 2
kills bacteria
breaks apart cells

chemical digestion
pepsin
enzyme breaks down proteins
secreted as pepsinogen

activated by HCl

But the stomach is made out of protein!

What stops the stomach from digesting itself?
mucus secreted by stomach cells protects
AP Biology
9
stomach lining

Ooooooh!
Zymogen!

Major areas of the

mammalian stomach
Body

AP Biology

(Eckert, Fig. 15-17)

10

Small intestine
Function

chemical digestion
major organ of digestion & absorption

absorption through lining

over 6 meters!
small intestine has huge surface area =

300m2 (~size of tennis court)

Structure

3 sections
duodenum = most digestion
jejunum = absorption of nutrients & water
ileum = absorption of nutrients & water

AP Biology

11

Duodenum
1st section of small intestines

acid food from stomach mixes with

digestive juices from accessory organs:
pancreas
liver
gall bladder

AP Biology

12

Pancreas

What stops
Ooooooh!
pancreas
!
fromZymogen
digesting
itself

Digestive enzymes

peptidases
trypsin
trypsinogen
chymotrypsin
chimotrypsinogen
carboxypeptidase
procarboxypeptidase

small intestines

amylase

Buffers

reduces acidity
alkaline solution rich in

AP Biology

bicarbonate (HCO3-)
buffers acidity of material from
stomach
13

Explain how this is a

molecular example of
structure-function theme.

 Getah pankreas
1. Mengandung air, protein, senyawa organik dan
anorganik.
2. Ph-nya alkalis sekitar 7,5-8,0 atau lebih
3. Mengandung enzim protease, amilase, lipase.
Protease disekresikan dalam bentuk zimogen:
- Tripsinogen
- Kimotripsinogen
Endopeptidase
- Proelastase
- Prokarboksipeptidase yg merupakan
eksopeptidase

AP Biology

14

Tripsinogen -------------------> tripsin

enteropeptidase/enterokinase
Kimotripsinogen
Proelastase
Prokarboksipeptidase

diaktivasi oleh
tripsin

Tripsin ----- ikatan Aa dasar

Kimotripsin---- ikatan Aa tak bermuatan
Elastase--- ikatan disebelah Aa kecil
Karboksipeptidase----terminal ikatan
peptida----Aa tunggal.

AP Biology

15

mouth
break up food
moisten food
digest starch
kill germs

stomach
kills germs
break up food
digest proteins
store food

pancreas
produces enzymes to
digest proteins & starch

AP Biology

16

Liver
Digestive System Functions

produces bile
stored in gallbladder until needed
breaks up fats
act like detergents to breakup fats

Circulatory System
Connection
bile contains
colors from old
red blood cells
collected in liver =
iron in RBC rusts &
AP Biology
makes feces brown

17

 Sifat getah empedu :

1. Emulsifikasi
dpt mengemulsi lemak dlm usus dan
melarutkan as. Lemak yg tidak larut dlm
air.
2. Netralisasi kimus yg asam
3. Ekskresi kolesterol ,pigmen
empedu,
obat, toksin, dan bbg substansi an
organik (Zn, Hg, Cu)
AP Biology

18

stomach
kills germs
break up food
digest proteins
store food

mouth
break up food
moisten food
digest starch
kill germs
liver
produces bile
- stored in gall bladder
break up fats
pancreas
produces enzymes to
digest proteins & starch

AP Biology

19

Digestive enzymes

AP Biology

20

Produk akhir pencernaan :

Monosakarida (terutama glukosa) untuk
karbohidrat
Asam amino untuk protein
Asam lemak, gliserol, monoasilgliserol
untuk triasilgliserol
Nukleobasa, nukleosida, pentosa untuk
asam nukleat.

AP Biology

21

AP Biology

22

PENCERNAAN PROTEIN

- HCl lambung mendenaturasi protein

dengan menghancurkan ikatan hidrogen

(str 3rd) ----ikatan polipeptida terbuka ----mudah dijangkau protease
Sel parietal-----faktor intrinsik untuk
absorbsi B12 di ileum
PH rendah ----- mikroorganisme hancur.

AP Biology

23

AP Biology

AP Biology

AP Biology

AP Biology

27

AP Biology

AP Biology

AP Biology

30

Summary of Fat Absorption

AP Biology

AP Biology

AP Biology

33

AP Biology

34

The Gradual Breakdown of Large

Starch Molecules

AP Biology

Process of Digestion of
Carbohydrate

AP Biology

AP Biology

AP Biology

AP Biology

Absorption by Small Intestines

Absorption through villi & microvilli

finger-like projections
increase surface area for absorption

Ooooh
Structure-Function
theme!

AP Biology

40

Absorption of Nutrients
Passive transport

fructose

Active (protein pumps) transport

pump amino acids, vitamins & glucose

against concentration gradients across

intestinal cell membranes

allows intestine to absorb much higher
proportion of nutrients in the intestine than
would be possible with passive diffusion
worth the cost of ATP!
AP Biology

nutrients are valuable

grab all you can get!
41

Transport Pathways through the Cell

Membrane

AP Biology

Nutrient Absorption

AP Biology

Site of Absorption

AP Biology

Sites of Secretion and Absorption into

Gastrointestinal Tract

AP Biology

Sites of Secretion, Digestion, and

Absorption

AP Biology

AP Biology

47

Carbohydrate malabsorption
Lactose malabsorption syndrome
Symptoms
- gurgling noises in the intestine
- flatulence
- diarrhea
Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency
- decrease level of sucrase
- suppression of transporter protein

Glucose-galactose malabsorption syndrom

- deficiency in transporter protein
AP Biology

Abnormalities of lipids digestion

1. Pancreatic insufficiency (chronic
pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis)

2. Acidity of duodenal content (zollingerEllison syndrome)

3. Deficiency of bile salts (ileal resection)

4. Bacterial over growth (deconjugation of bile
salts)

5. Decrease intestinal cells for absorption

6. Failure of synthesis of apoproteins
(abetalipoproteinemia)
AP Biology

TERIMA KASIH
SEMOGA BERMANFAAT

YS 2013

AP Biology

50