Lecture 25 Review

What is the purpose of

sperm capacitation?
1. Prepares the flagellum to be fully
motile before entering the vaginal
canal.
2. Prepares the acrosome to be ready
for fertilization of the secondary
oocyte.
3. Prepares the mitochondria by
absorbing required ATP energy for
journey through female
reproductive tract.
4. Prepares DNA of head by dividing to
Answer: Number
genetically
store2.in new offspring.

There are three phases of

fertilization. Put them in order:
2. Acrosome reaction and zona pellucida penetration.

3. Fusion of sperm and oocyte plasma membranes and

1.

pronuclei.

Corona radiata penetration.

Where does fertilization

take place?

Answer: The Uterine Tube

Where does it occur most

often in the uterine tube?
Answer: Ampulla

What is taking place during the cleavage

period?
1. The fertilized zygote splits undergoes mitosis and
divides into 2 right before implantation.
2. The zygote exits the uterine tube through the
fimbriae to implant in the placenta
3. The cells of the zygote divide as it moves down the
uterine tube and prepares to enter the uterus.
4. The embryoblast of inner cell mass divides into the
three primary germ layers which go on to become
the rest of the body.
Answer: Number 3.

Approximately how many cells are within the zygote it is

Answer: 100
officially considered a blastocyst and prepares for

Implantation occurs approximately

__ days after fertilization.
1.
2.
3.
4.

5
7
8
14

Answer: 7

Bonus: What are the inner and outer layers of the

blastocyst called just prior to implantation?
Answer: Inner embryoblast or inner cell
mass
Outer trophoblast

Match the pre-embryonic process

with the area it generally occurs in:
Sperm
Capacitation
Fertilization
Cleavage
Implantation

Stratum Functionalis of
the endometrium.
Down the uterine tube.

Female reproductive tract

Ampulla of the uterine
tube.

The trophoblast of the blastocyst

is composed of 2 structures. What
are they?
1.
2.

Cytotrophoblast
Syncytiotrophoblast

Which of these two structures initiates the burrowing into of

the stratum functionalis and produces human chorionic
gonadotropin (hCG?
Answer: Syncytiotrophoblast

What do the cytotrophoblast and syncitiotrophoblast

go on to become during pregnancy?
Answer: Chorion and placenta

What is the purpose of human

chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?
1. To preserve the corpus luteum
2. To protect the embryoblast from bacterial
invasion
3. To form the fetal half of the placenta
Answer: To preserve the corpus luteum.

Why is it clinically significant that hCG

enters the bloodstream and is even
urinated?

Answer: It is the basis of urinary pregnancy tests.

True/False. Chorionic villi are immersed

in a pool of maternal blood, therefore
babys blood is mixed with the
mothers during pregnancy.
1. True
Answer: Even though the chorionci villi
are immersed in a pool of maternal blood,
2. False the babys blood will never mix with the
mothers.

The placenta helps produce what 2

hormones?
Answer: Estrogen and Progesterone
Placenta

Chorionic
Umbilical cord
villus
(connects fetus to placenta)

True/False: The main function of the placenta

is the exchange of nutrients, respiratory
gases, waste products, and antibodies
between mother and child.

1. True
2. False

Answer:
True

20 in
During pregnancy the mother breaths
____% more air50
and has ____% more
blood than usual.

The embryonic period includes weeks 38 of pregnancy. Which one of the

following is not a process that occurs
during the embryonic period.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Week 3

Neural groove
Neural fold
Primitive streak forms
1.5 mm
Primitive streak
Gastrulation
Week 4
Body Folding
Heart
4.0 mm
Umbilical cord
Limb buds
Neurulation
Weeks 58
Limb buds form
30 mm
Organogenesis
Sexual DifferentiationAnswer: Sexual Differentiation.

This occurs between weeks 10-12.

To review all of the process of the

embryonic period, look at the review slides
made for lecture 2 under the teaching
assistants page on learning suite.

Answer the following

true/false questions:
1.

There is absolutely no difference between males and

females at week 5 of pregnancy.
Answer: True

2.

3.

What causes testes to develop is whether there is an TDF

on the X chromosome.Answer: False, it is determined by
whether TDF is on the Y chromosome.
If so,both
testes
form.
Embryos initially contain
male
and female duct

systems.
4.

Answer: True

The name for male ducts is paramesonephric and for

femaleAnswer:
ducts is
mesonephric.
False.
Female = paramesonephric and Male =
mesonephric.

5.

Genes and hormones determine which duct system will

Answer: True
degenerate.

Match whether each process is

contributing to internal male of female
development:
The paramesonephric duct
degerates.

Internal Female
Development

The paramesonephric ducts

from the uterine tubes.
The fused paramesonephric
ducts form the uterus.

Internal Male Development

The mesonephric duct forms

the epididymis and ductus
deferens.
The mesonephric duct
degenerates.

State whether internal male or female

development is taking place based on the
pictures below:

1.

Internal Male
Development

2.

Internal
Female
Development

Concerning External Development:

Match the structures of the sexually
indifferent stage with what they
become in males of females.
Structure while
sexually indifferent
Genital Tubercle
Urogenital Fold
Labioscrotal Swelling

Structure in
developed males

Glans of Penis
Shaft of Penis
Scrotum

Structure in
developed females

Clitoris
Labia Minora
Labia Majora

_________ are organs that share the

same embryonic origin.
1. Genetical
Genitals
2. Homozygotes
3. Synomologues
4. Homologues

Answer: Homologues

Can you think of 2 other pairs of reproductive

homologues not mentioned on the previous slide?
Answer: Ovaries and testes (share the common function of producing gametes and
sex hormones)
Vestibular and bulbourethral glands (share the common function of secreting
mucin for
lubrication during intercourse)

The fetal period (weeks 9-38 of

pregnancy) has one main function:
the development of each organ
found within the body.
1. True
2. False

Answer: False. All of the rudimentary organs have

developed by week 8. During the fetal period these
organs grow and mature.

Bonus: Can you name a few of the ways

Answers:
these organs grow and mature?

Bones ossify
Reproductive organs develop
Brain enlarges
Body elongates
Limbs grow
Organ systems become functio
Baby movement begins
Baby gains weight

True/False questions regarding late

pregnancy:

1.

Gestation lasts 38 weeks from conception or 40 weeks

from the last menstrual cycle.
2. During this period a womans breasts will enlarge and they
will develop the ability to produce milk.
3. During this period the uterus generally expands 15 times
larger than normal.
4. Hormones harden the cervix and loosen the pubic
symphysis in preparation for birth.
5. Mild contractions may occur due to a more active
myometrium.
6.Answers:
Baby drops down and is normally oriented head down with
1. face
True anterior.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

True
False. It usually expands 20 times larger.
False: Hormones soften the cervix.
True
False. The babys face is posterior (otherwise can cause some
serious damage breach birth).

Match the stages of labor with their

description below:
Cervical
Dilation

Lasts from full dilation to delivery

of the baby.

Eliminates the placenta (generally

15-30 minutes after childbirth).

Expulsion

Placental

The longest stage. Begins with

first regular contraction and
ends when the cervix is fully
dilated.

Contractions get less severe and

last less time as a woman
approaches delivery.
1. True
2. False

Answer: False.
Contractions
become more
severe with less
time in between
each.

Bonus Questions:
How wide must a cervix be dilated to be considered
fully dilated?
Answer: 7 10 cm
During which of the 3 stages of labor must a woman
actually push on her own will? Answer: Expulsion

Which of the following is not a

reason for a cesarean section?
1.

Previous C-section

2.

Narrow pelvis and large fetus

3.

Extreme pain (Above 8 on 1-10

scale)

4.

Placental abruption (Placenta

detaches)

5.

Placenta previa (P;acenta covers

the cervix)

6.

Atypical presentation of baby

(Breach)

7.

Cord prolapse (umbilical cord exits

Answer: Number 3.
uterus before baby)

in the
image of God created he him; male
and
female created he them. (Genesis
1:27)