Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BETWEEN POLITICAL
PROCESS AND EDUCATION
UNIT-3
GOALS OF EFA
Goal 1: Expand early childhood care and education
Goal 2: Provide free and compulsory primary
education for all
Goal 3: Promote learning and life skills for young
people and adults
Goal 4: Increase adult literacy by 50 per cent
Goal 5: Achieve gender parity by 2005, gender
equality by 2015
Goal 6: Improve the quality of education
Access
Quality
Management
Situation Analysis
Goals
Objectives
Targets
ECCE
Primary
Sec.
NFE
Policy Cycle
2. Institutionalization
1. Formulation of Policy
5. Monitoring,
Evaluation &
Assessment
3. Implementation
4. Impact
1. Formulation of Policy
Targets &
Goals
Budgeting
& Finance
Implementation
Agencies
Beneficiaries
2. Institutionalization
National
Constitution
(thru const.)
Legislation
& Laws
(legal
directions
for
institutions )
Budgeting &
Financing
(centre/state)
Agency
Implementation
3.
Budgetary
Allocation
cash/
provision of
material
Mode of
Deliveryformal/Nonformal
Implementation
Curriculum
& Material
Teacher
Training- as
required
4. Impact
Promotion of Gender
& Social Equality
Equal Learning
Opportunities
Results/Outcomes
5. Monitoring,
Evaluation &
Assessment
Monitoring of
Implementation
Evaluation of
Strategy
(outcome/
performance of
policy)
Assessment of
Outcomes(how
outcomes can
be improved)
POLITICAL WILL
Political will can be thought of as support from
political leaders.
Enough support from political leaders is needed----- to bring about policy change.
---to sustain the change
Planning
Planning
Planning implies chalking out a
direction for future actions to
achieve pre-determined objectives
through the optimum use of available
resources.
Planning exercise can be attempted
at different levels
Education
(a)Institutions
Information is collected on the following-
capacity and utilization of existing institutions;
number, intake and location of teachers training institutions;
institution/teacher ratio
institution/pupil ratio
hostel facilities with intake capacity and actual enrolment;
number of single teacher primary schools;
number of schools without blackboards;
and number of schools with/without building,
type of buildings and vocational and technical institutions.
(b)Enrolment
Both aggregate and grade-wise enrolment together
By age i.e. age-grade matrix,
sex (boys/girls),
grades (I to XII),
subjects
area (rural/urban)
institution-wise (primary, middle etc.);
average daily attendance;
enrolment of SC and ST population;
admission data (entry rate) and data on various courses; out-ofschool children in different age-groups,
repeaters and drop-outs by age,
scholarships granted and number of beneficiaries under different
schemes.
(c)Teaching Staff
(e)Equipment
Physical facilities in school library and their
utilization (number of books, average number
of readers etc.),
laboratory equipment,
furniture,
sports material,
audio-visual aids,
additional requirements, and
educational kits and their utilization,
supply and adequacy.
(g)Examination Results
(i)Miscellaneous Information
Introduction
Indian State through itsPublic
policies aims to bring change in
society.
Public policy aims to address
issues of public concern at large.
Public policy is the most
effective mechanism to bring
change at all levels in thesociety
Public Policy
Public policy
includes any policies that are concerned with the public, at
the federal, state, or local government level.
is basically a law or rule that is enforcedbyanylevel
ofgovernment,whethercentral,state orlocal.
Varioustiersofgovernment also formulate a variety of
schemes and programs.
Policy Formulation in
Education
Cabinet
Legislature
In a democratic form of government, the
role of the legislature as the prime
policy making is significant.
It role is in legitimizing the policies and
decisions of government, rather than as
an independent policy making unit.
State Government
The Union Government and the State
Governments participate in policy making.
The State Governments formulate policies
and make laws on items mentioned in the
state and concurrent lists.
At the state level, the state legislature and
council of ministers under the leadership of
the Chief Minister and other advisory bodies
participate in the formulation of policies
Bureaucracy
Public servants at the top management level assist the ministers
in policy making
The bureaucracy, in the developing countries, plays a dominant
role in policy making
Administrators, both specialists as well as general, are part and
parcel of various policy making bodies like Planning Commission
and other expert bodies
Judiciary
In the United States and India, constitution entitle the Supreme Courts to exercise
judicial review.
When going out of law, judiciary keeps a check
Mass Media
Mass media is an important means of communication between the citizen and the
government, and so helps in shaping their reactions to each other's decisions.
It communicates information to the citizens about the decision of the government.
Political Parties
Political parties are an important part of the machinery for policymaking.
The party system is itself a source of policy making in many
democracies.( debate and discussion)
Decision making
Decision making
Steps involved in policy making--- Agenda setting-related to issue
Decision making
Implementation
begins
Decision maker
Types of Policies
Policies are two types--- Policies made at national level are known as National
policies; e.g. SSA; RMSA
Policies made at State level are known as State policies;
e.g. Nali-Kali; Lok Jumbish
National Policies
Sarva ShikshaAbhiyan(SSA) is
RMSA:
State Policies
Nali Kali
Started in 1995 with Unicef assistance when a group of 15
teachers and administrators from HD Kote (Mysore District)
visited the rural schools run by Rishi Valley education Trust.
Lok Jumbish:
Role of Planning
Commission
Grant-in-Aid System
'Grant-In-Aid' A transfer of money from
the federal government to a state
government, local government or individual
person for the purposes of funding a
specific project or program. The federal
government gets this money from income
tax revenues.
Types
Categorical grants
Block grants
General revenue sharing
Categorical grants
Categorical grants can be used only for a
specifically aided program and usually are
limited to narrowly defined activities;
legislation generally details the programs
parameters and specifies the types of
funded activities.
There are four types of categorical grants:
Block grants
Block grants are a form of grant-in-aid
that
the federal government uses to provide
state and local governments a specified
amount of funding to assist them in
addressing broad purposes, such as
community development, social services,
public health, or law enforcement.
Although legislation generally details the
programs parameters, state and local
governments are typically provided greater
flexibility in the use of the funds and are
required to meet fewer administrative
conditions than under categorical grants
Relationship between
Constitutional Provisions and
Educational Polices
Constitutional provisions/constitution
A constitution is the foundational law in most
countries, including the United States.
The term constitutional provision specifies that a
rule or law comes from the constitution itself and
not from common law.
Purpose
The purpose of a constitutional provision is to establish
the most basic vital rights, restrictions and
organizations in society.
Constitutional provisions establish broad notions of what
is legal and what is illegal in a country, and
Establish the structure of government
Education of Minorities
Art. 29. Protection of interests of minorities.
(1) Any section of the citizens residing in the territory of India or any
part thereof having a distinct language, script or culture of its own
shall have the right to conserve the same.
(2) No citizen shall be denied admission into any educational institution
maintained by the State or receiving aid out of State funds on
grounds only of religion, race, caste, language or any of them.
Art. 30. Right of minorities to establish and administer educational
institutions.
(1) All minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the
right to establish and administer educational institutions of their
choice.
(2) The State shall not, in granting aid to educational institutions,
discriminate against any educational institution on the ground that it
is under the management of a minority, whether based on religion or
language