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Welding Techniques
Weld Bead
Weave Bead
Stringer Bead
Passes
Weld Pass - A single progression of welding along a joint. The result of a pass
is a weld bead or layer
Fill Pass
Cover Pass
Root Pass
Hot Pass
Techniques
Stringer (drag) (whip)
Weave
Circles
crescent
zig zag
box weave
double J
Progression (vertical)
Up
deeper penetration
Higher deposit rate (lb/hr)
Use near 90 degree travel angle or slightly up
Down
faster (point to point)
less penetration for thin metal
less dilution
Use steep grag angle
Travel Speed
Stay on the leading edge of the puddle
Flat Position
Fillet/Groove - stringer or weave, split bead or wide weave
Horizontal
Fillet/Groove - stringers (small weave may be used in tight place)
Bead Placement - bottom to top
Vertical
Fillet/Groove - weave (or whip but not straight stringers)
Root pass 6010 whip
Root pass 7018 straight stringer or weave (open closed)
Overhead
Dimensions
Reinforcement -ASME flush 1/16 AWS flush 1/8
discuss keyholeing, metallic backing, nonmetallic
backing, partial penetration, root openings, root
faces, tacking, tack grinding, fast freeze, and fill
freeze
Fill -as many as needed 1/8 per pass flat overload
3/16 vertical
Cover -flush 1/16 high, 1/16 past edge
Root faces - 0
450 included angle
Remove all mill scales and rust
Tacking - not in groove
Tack away from coupon area.
Flush on backing
Restarts
Stagger all starts and stops or use run-on, run-off tabs
Feather all restarts & start on top, or start in front and
remelt
Dont restart in a coupon area.
Also stagger all beads on a single pass.
Use a longer arc length when starting a weld.
Compare interpass grinding
techniques vs. techniques for
no interpass grinding.
Craters
Fill craters by reversing direction at the
weld end
Use a short arc length to control heat.
Arc Length
Longer arc lengths = increased puddle heat, flatter welds,
deeper penetration
Shorter arc lengths = less puddle heat, flatter welds, less
penetration
Use arc length to control puddle size, penetration, and burn
through.
Normal arc length is 1/16 - 1/8
Use a slightly longer arc length during a start or restart.
Helpful Tips
Clean your Welding Hood lens
Drape the cable over your shoulder or knee
Get Comfortable
Watch the puddle, not the arc
Concentrate on steady travel speed and arc length
SMAW
Pipe Welding
Techniques
Positions
1G
2G
5G
6G
1F
2F
2FR
4F
5F
1G Position
2G Position
Pipe Axis Vertical, Weld is
Horizontal, Pipe is considered in a
fixed position.
Always use a split bead technique
Always work from the bottom up.
5G Position
6G Position
Pipe axis is fixed in position
at a 45 degree incline. Thhe
position includes flat,
horizontal, vertical, and
overhead welds.
A split bead tecvhnique is
best used.
1F Position
Pipe is rotated. The pipe
axis is at a 45 degree
incline. Welding is to
occur at the top of the
pipe.
Split bead or weave
technique may be used.
2F Position
Fixed Position
Best to use a split
bead technique
2FR Position
A split bead
technique is best
used.
Rotated
4F Position
5F Position
Not Rotated. Progression
may be up or down.
Split beads or weaves can
be used on 5F-up welds,
split beads are best used
on 5F-down welds.
Fill Pass
Cover Pass
Root Pass
Hot Pass
Techniques
Stringer (push, drag, or whip), or Weave
Progression (vertical)
Up
deeper penetration
Higher deposit rate (lb/hr)
Use near 90 degree travel angle or slightly up
Down
faster (point to point)
less penetration for thin metal
less dilution
Use steep drag angle
Travel Speed
Stay on the leading edge of the puddle
Keyholeing
Root Openings
Small will allow more amperage which will
in turn make welding smoother and easier,
as well as easier arc starts.
Larger root openings will allow more
penetration.
Root Faces
Larger root faces will allow more amperage
which will in turn make welding smoother
and easier, as well as easier arc starts.
Smaller root faces will allow more
penetration.
3/4 long
feather both ends
clean and flatten tops
start on top, burn through before end
run completely onto tack before stopping
grind lumps off before next pass
stagger all starts and stops between passes
stagger all starts and stops between beads in
a single pass
Dont overgrind tacks.
Root faces - 0
450 included angle
Remove all mill scales and rust
Tacking - not in groove
Tack away from coupon area.
Flush on backing
Restarts
Stagger all starts and stops or use runon, runoff tabs
Feather all restarts & start on top, or start in front and
remelt
Also stagger all beads on a single pass.
Use a longer arc length when starting a weld.
Craters
Fill craters by welding into the previous
weld start
Use a short arc length to control heat.
Wagon Tracks
Electrode Angles
Up Progression always point toward
center of Pipe
Down Progression use a steep drag angle
Arc Length
Longer arc lengths = increased puddle heat, flatter welds,
deeper penetration
Shorter arc lengths = less puddle heat, flatter welds, less
penetration
Use arc length to control puddle size, penetration, and burn
through.
Normal arc length is 1/16 - 1/8
Use a slightly longer arc length during a start or restart.
Helpful Tips
Clean your Welding Hood lens
Drape the cable over your shoulder or knee
Get Comfortable
Watch the puddle, not the arc
Concentrate on steady travel speed and arc length
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