THE MATERIALS,

NATURAL AND
ELABORATED

MATERIALS
There are useful substances that serve to us to make the objects that surround us.
In the ambience of the construction, a material can be a matter block or a component
that is used to build already is a building or any other construction.
The use that is given to the term in the engineering, defines to the materials like
substances with useful qualities that can be thermal, mechanical or of another class.

THE MATERIALS CAN QUALIFY ACCORDING

TO ITS ORIGIN
Natural materials or raw material: They are those that are obtained straight
of the nature, like plants, animals, rocks and soil. They are used such a
which as they are, without suffering alterations provoked by the man, for
example: sand, water, stones, oil, wool, wood, cotton, rubber, etc.
Elaborated or artificial materials: Those natural materials that they need
from a transformation process to be able to be used, like the role,
pasteboard, concrete, plastic, gum, nylon and leather.

NATURAL MATERIALS VEGETABLE ORIGIN

The materials of vegetable origin are obtained of the plants. For
example, the cotton and the wood.

NATURAL MATERIALS ANIMAL

ORIGIN
The materials of animal origin come from the animals. For
example, the leather that is obtained of the skin of the animals
and the silk that is obtained of the silkworms.

NATURAL MATERIALS MINERAL ORIGIN

The materials of mineral origin are obtained of minerals and
rocks. For example, the iron and the marble, not ferric metals
(copper, lead, aluminum, zinc)

WOOD
Composition: The wood is composed basically by
cellulose (50 to 60 %),(15 to 25 %) that is the one that
gives rigidity and hardness to the tree and others like
resin, starch, tannins, water, etc.
Properties of the wood: The wood has a fibrous structure
in which its cells gather together in sense parallel to the
axis of the tree. This awards an anisotropic behavior.
Hardness: It is the biggest or least resistance that there
put up the bodies to be infuriated or penetrated. The
fibrous wood is the hardest and the softest porous ones.
The hardest it has dark tones and rings of very together
growths.
Mechanical resistance: Aptitude of a material to support
efforts without be deforming nor to break.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOOD

Types of efforts 1 Haulage. It takes place when on a material
they operate two forces that there has the same direction and
opposite sense that tend to stretch it. The wood has a high
resistance to the haulage in the direction parallel to the fibre
and very low in direction perpendicular to her. 2. Compression.
It takes place when on a material they operate two forces that
have the same direction and opposite sense that tend to
squash it. The wood has a resistance to the compression
raised in the direction parallel to the fibre and goes down in the
sense perpendicular to her. 3. Push-up. It takes place when on
a material they operate the combined effects of haulage and
compression on opposite faces of the same one In general,
the wood resists very well the push-up efforts, especially the
young and green wood

4. Cizalladura. It takes place when on a material they operate two equal

forces with the same direction and the opposite sense placed in the same
plane and acting in the plane of section of the material tending to cut it. The
wood has a resistance to the cizalladura very low in direction parallel to the
fibre and a resistance moderated in the perpendicular direction. 5 Torsion. It
takes place when on a material they operate two equal forces with the same
direction and sense, placed in parallel planes and acting in the plane of
section of the element.
Electrical and thermal properties: The wood is a good electrical and thermal
insulator when it is dry.

ALUMINUM
Metallic chemical element, from symbol To, atomic number
13, atomic weight 26.9815, which belongs to the group IIIA
of the periodic system. The pure aluminum is soft and it has
mechanical resistance small, but it can form alloys with
other elements to increase its resistance and to acquire
several useful properties. The aluminum alloys are light,
strong, and of easy formation for many metalwork
processes; they are easy to assemble, to melt or to plot and
they accept big variety of finished. For its physical, chemical
and metallurgical properties, the aluminum has turned into
not ferrous metal of major use.
The aluminum is the most abundant metallic element in the
Earth and in the Moon, but it is never in free form in the
nature. Silicate is distributed extensively in the plants and in
almost all the rocks, especially in the igneous ones, which
contain aluminum in the shape of aluminum minerals.

COPPER
Chemical element, of symbol Cu, with atomic number 29; one of the
metals of transition and important not ferrous metal. Its utility owes to
the combination of its chemical, physical and mechanical properties,
as well as to its electrical properties and its plenty. The copper was one
of the first metals used by the human beings.
Most of the copper of the world is obtained of the mineral sulfides like
the calcocita, covelita, calcopirita, bornita and enargita. The rusty
minerals are the cuprite, tenorita, malachite, blue stone, crisocola and
brocantita. The natural copper, earlier abundant in the United States, is
extracted now only in Michigan. The grade of the mineral used in the
production of copper has been diminishing regularly, the same way as
the richest minerals have become exhausted and the copper demand
has grown. There are large numbers of copper in the Earth for future
use if there are used the minerals of the lowest grades, and there is no
probability of which they become exhausted during a long period.

ZINC
The zinc is a color metal between bluish target and silver
gray. It is hard and fragile to most of temperatures, but it is
possible to do malleably for warming to between 100 and
150 grades Celsius.
The zinc is used principally like an anticorrosive agent in
metal products. It is used in the galvanization process. The
galvanization is the recovering of other metals with iron or
steel. Approximately half of the zinc that is used in the world
is for galvanization. The galvanization is used to make
metallic cloth, rails, suspension bridges, posts of light, metal
roofs, interchangers of heat and bodyworks of cars.
The zinc is used like a plate in other metals, in particular the
metals that are used in electrical works or that contact sea
water.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE METALS

Resstanse

Plasticity

Fragility

Elasticity
Hardness

Tenacity

Colabilidad

Resilience

Maquinabilidad

Fatigue
Fluencia

Malleability
Ductility

(ARTIFICIAL) ELABORATED MATERIALS

They are those that we make the persons. For it, we use natural
materials that then we turn in artificial. For example, with the
wood we make role and with minerals we make glass.

(ARTIFICIAL) ELABORATED MATERIALS

The plastic and the pasteboard are artificial materials.
The plastic ones are made by oil and the pasteboard is
made by wood.

STEEL
The steel is basically an alloy of combination of iron and carbon
(about 0.05 % even less than 2 %). Sometimes other specific
alloy elements such like the Cr (chromium) or they do not even
join with certain intentions.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE STEEL

The different types of steels qualify in
accordance with the elements of alloy
that produce different effects in the
steel.
Alloyed steels
These steels contain a certain
proportion of vanadium, molybdenum
and other elements, in addition to
major quantities of manganese,
silicon and copper that the normal

CLASSIFICATION OF ALLOYED STEELS

Structural:
It is those steels that are used for diverse parts of
machines, such as cogwheels, axes and levers.
Also they are used in the structures of buildings,
construction of chassis of motorcars, bridges, ships.
The content of the different alloy from 0.25 % to 6
%.
For hardware:
Steels of high quality that are used in hardware to
cut and to mold metals and non-metals.
Special:
the special alloy steels are the stainless and those
steels with a content of chromium generally superior
to 12 %. These steels of big hardness and high

STAINLESS STEELS
The stainless steels contain chromium,
nickel and other elements of alloy, which
they keep brilliant to the rust and oxidation
in spite of the action of the moisture or of
acids and corrosive gases. Some stainless
steels are very hard; others are very
resistant and they maintain this resistance
during
long
periods
to
extreme
temperatures. The stainless steel is used for
the tubes and tanks of refineries of oil or
chemical plants.

STEELS TO THE COAL

More than 90 % of all the steels is steels to the coal. These steels
contain diverse quantities of carbon and less than 1.65 % of
manganese, 0.60 % of silicon and 0.60 % of copper. Between the
made carbon steels products they represent machines, bodyworks
of motorcar, most of the structures of construction of steel, ships
helmets.

CLASSIFICATION OF STEELS TO THE

COAL
I steel to the low carbon: also
acquaintance as the soft or sweet steel
has less than 0.30 % of carbon.
I steel to the half carbon: it has from 0.30
% 0.60 % of carbon. It is generally used in
applications that need a higher resistance.
I steel to the high carbon: it has more than
0.60 % of carbon. It is used in general for
parts that need mechanical resistance,
hardness, and resistance to the wear.

BRASS
The brass, it is an alloy of Copper and Zinc that is
realized in crucibles or in a stove of reverbero to
a temperature of smelting of approximately 980
C. The proportions of Copper and Zinc can be
changed to create a brasses status with variable
properties. In the industrial brasses the
percentage of Zn is always supported between
30 and 40 %. Its composition influences the
mechanical characteristics, the fusibility, and the
capacity of shape for smelting, forge, printing and
mechanized.

USES OF THE BRASS

a) Car parts
b) Pieces for machinery in general.
c) Bomb valves of high and low pressure, rotores,
accessories for steam, cushions of friction, bars of
slide
d) Bulonera: nuts, screws and washers.
e) Pieces manufacture for armed with products
industrialized in general.
f) Manufacture of padlocks and locks.
Electrical.
a) Morsetera

GLASS
Glass (industry), amorphous substance made especially from
silica (SiO2) melted to high temperatures with boratos or
phosphate. Also a volcanic material is in the nature, for example
in the obsidian, or in the enigmatic well-known objects as
tectitas. The glass is an amorphous substance because it is
neither a solid one nor a liquid, but it is in the glassy state in
which the molecular units, although they are ready of untidy
form, have cohesion sufficient to present mechanical rigidity. The
glass cools down up to hardening without crystallization taking
place; the warming can return him its liquid form. It is usually
transparent, but also it can be translucent or opaque. Its color
changes according to the ingredients used in its manufacture.
The ruined glass is malleable and it is possible to give him form
by means of diverse skills. In cold, it can be carved. To low
temperatures it is fragile and it breaks with conchoidal break (in
the shape of sea conch).