Chapter9 Wavelength Routing Optical Networks

Chapter9:WavelengthRouting
OpticalNetworks
TOPICS
Wavelengthroutingnetworks
Protectionschemes
G.709Thedigitalwrapper
Controlplanearchitectures
GMPLS
OIFUNI
ConnectionOrientedNetworks
Awavelengthroutingnetwork
Output
WDM
fibers
Input
WDM
fibers
Switchfabric
ThisisanopticalnetworkthatconsistsofOXCs
interconnectedbyWDMfibers,witheachfiber
consistingofWwavelengths
DCS
...
OXCfunctionality
It switches optically all the incoming
wavelengths of the input fibers to the
outgoingwavelengthsoftheoutputfibers.
Forinstance,itcanswitchtheopticalsignal
onincomingwavelength iofinputfiberk
to the outgoing wavelength i of output
fiberm.
Converters:
Ifitisequippedwithconverters,itcanalso
switch the optical signal of the incoming
wavelength i of input fiber k to another
outgoing wavelength j of the output fiber
m.
Thishappenswhenthewavelengthiofthe
outputfibermisinuse.
Opticaladd/dropmultiplexer(OADM):
An OXC can also be used as an OADM.
Thatis,itcanterminatetheopticalsignalof
a number of incoming wavelengths and
insert new optical signals on the same
wavelengthsinanoutputport.
The remaining incoming wavelengths are
switchedthroughasdescribedabove.
TransparentandOpaqueSwitches
Transparentswitch:
Theincomingwavelengthsareswitchedtotheoutput
fibersoptically,withouthavingtoconvertthemtothe
electricaldomain.
Opaqueswitch:
Theinputopticalsignalsareconvertedtoelectrical
signals,fromwherethepacketsareextracted.Packetsare
switchedusingapacketswitch,andthentheyare
transmittedoutoftheswitchintheopticaldomain.
Lightpaths
Wavelengthroutingnetworksarecircuit
switchednetworks.
Inorderforausertosenddatatoaanother
user,aconnectionhastobefirstsetup.
Thisconnectionisacircuitswitched
connectionanditisestablishedby
allocatingawavelengthoneachhopalong
theconnectionspath
Anexampleofalightpath
RouterA
OXC1
OXC2
1W
1W
OXC3
1W
RouterB
1W
Athreenodewavelengthroutingnetwork
RouterA
OXC1
1
OXC2
1
RouterB
OXC3
1
AlightpathbetweenroutersAandB
Thewavelengthcontinuityconstraint
When establishing a lightpath over a wavelength
routing network, the same wavelength has to be
usedoneveryhopalongthepath.
If the required wavelength is not available at the
outgoing fiber of an OXC through which the
lightpath has to be routed, then the establishment
of the lightpath is blocked, and a notification
messageissentbacktotheuser.
Converters
In order to decrease the probability that a
lightpath is blocked, the OXC can be
equippedwithconverters.
Aconvertercantransformtheopticalsignal
transmitted over a wavelength to another
wavelength.
10
In an OXC, for each output fiber with W

wavelengths,theremaybecconverters,where0
cW.
Noconversion:c=0
Partialconversion:0<c<W
Fullconversion:c=W
A converter can only transform a signal on a

wavelength to another wavelength which is
withinafewnmfromwavelength.
11
WLutilizationimprovementthroughWL
conversion
Withoutconversion
2opticalconnectionsfromAtoC,andfromF
toC
Assuming2WLs(lambda1,lambda2)perfiberand
FisconnectedtoB
1
A
1
B
D
1
2
1
12
WLutilizationimprovementthroughWL
conversion
Withconversion
2opticalconnectionsfromAtoC,andfromF
toC
Assuming2WLs(lambda1,lambda2)perfiberand
FisconnectedtoB
2
1
1
A
C
D
B
1
2
13
Anexampleofdifferentlightpaths
RouterD
2
OXC3
OXC1
Router
A
1
EO
3
OXC2
1
1
O
E
E
O
Router
C
1
OE
Lightpaths
A>C:1
B>D:1and2
C>D:3and1
OXCs1and2:noconverters
OXC3hasconverters
RouterB
14
Trafficgrooming
A lightpath is exclusively used by a single
client.
Often the bandwidth a client requires is
significantly less than the wavelengths
bandwidth. This means that part of the
lightpaths bandwidth is unused. Also, the
userpaysformorebandwidththanrequired.
Traffic grooming permits mane user to
sharethesamelightpath.
15
Subrateunits
Thebandwidthofalightpath isdividedinto sub
rate units so that it can carry traffic streams
transmittedatlowerrates.
For instance a 2.5 Gbps (OC48) bandwidth can
beavailableinsubrateunitsof50Mbps(OC1)
Aclientcanrequestoneormoreofthesesubrate
units. This improves wavelength utilization and
lowersuserscosts.
16
Anexampleoftrafficgrooming
OXC2
OXC3
1
OXC1
OXC4
2
2
OXC6
OXC5
Establishedlightpaths:
OXC1toOXC3
OXC3toOXC4
Transmissionrate:2.488Gbps(OC48/STM16)
16subrateunitsof155Mbps(OC3/STM1)
17
AuserattachedtoOXC1thatwantsto
transmitdatatoauserattachedtoOXC3,
canrequestanyintegernumberofOC
3/STM1subrateunitsuptoatotalof16.
Additionallightpathscanbeestablished
betweenOXCs1and3,ifthetraffic
betweenthesetwoOXCsexceeds2.488
Gbps.
18
Traversingmorethanonelightpath:
LetusconsiderauserattachedtoOXC1
whorequestsaconnectiontoauser
attachedtoOXC4forfoursubrateunits.
Inthiscase,anewlightpathhastobe
establishedbetweenOXCs1and4,say,
overOXCs6and5.
19
Alternatively,theconnectioncanberouted
throughthetwolightpaths(OXC1>OXC
3andOXC3>OXC4).
Providedthatthereisfreecapacityoneach
lightpathandOXC3isequippedwitha
SONET/SDHDCSwhichpermitsitto
extractthedatastreamfromtheincoming
SONET/SDHframesonthefirstlightpath
andplaceitintotheSONET/SDHframesof
thesecondlightpath.
20
Protectionschemes
Optical networks will be used by
telecommunications companies and other
network providers, which typically require
acarriergradereliability.
That is, the network has to be available
99.999%ofthetime,whichtranslatestoan
average downtime for the network of 6
minutesperyear!
21
Typesoffailures:
Linkfailuresareverycommonandtheyoccurwhena
fibercableisaccidentallycut.
Alinkcanalsofailifanamplifierthatbooststhe
multiplexedsignalofallthewavelengthsonthefiber
fails.
Anindividualwavelengthwithinafibermayalsofail
ifitstransmitterorreceiverfails.
Finally,anOXCcanfail,butthisisquiteraredueto
builtinredundancies.
22
Pathandlinkprotection
Protectioncanbeperformedatthelevelof
anindividuallightpathoratthelevelofa
singlefiber.
Pathprotectiondenotesschemesforthe
restorationofalightpath,and
Linkprotectiondenotesschemesforthe
restorationofasinglefiber,wherebyallthe
wavelengthsarerestoredsimultaneously.
23
Pointtopointlinks
Thesimplestopticalnetworkisapointto
pointWDMlinkthatconnectstwonodes.
Linkprotectioncanbedoneina
dedicated1+1manner,orina
nondedicated1:1or1:Nmanner
24
Dedicated1+1scheme:
thesignalistransmittedsimultaneouslyover
twoseparatefiberswhicharepreferably
diverselyrouted.
Thereceivermonitorsthequalityofthetwo
signalsandselectsthebestofthetwo.
Ifonefiberfails,thenthereceivercontinuesto
receivedataontheotherfiber.
25
1:1scheme:
Therearestilltwodiverselyroutedfibers,aworking
fiberandaprotectionfiber.
Thesignalistransmittedovertheworkingfiber,andif
thisfiberfails,thesourceanddestinationswitchtothe
protectionfiber.
Shared1:Nscheme:
Thisisageneralizationofthe1:1scheme,whereN
workingfibersareprotectedbyasingleprotection
fiber.(Onlyoneworkingfibercanbeprotectedatany
time.)
26
WDMopticalrings
WDMopticalringscanbeseenasanextensionof
theSONET/SDHringsintheWDMdomain.
ManydifferentWDMringarchitectureshavebeen
proposed.Weexaminethefollowingrings:
opticalunidirectionalpathsharingring(OUPSR),
twofiberopticalbidirectionallinksharingring(2F
OBLSR)
fourfiberopticalbidirectionallinksharingring(4F
OBLSR).
27
Anopticalunidirectional
pathsharingring(OUPSR)
A
Protection
fiber
Working
fiber
28
Features
Itconsistsofaworkingandaprotectionring
transmittinginoppositedirections
Itusedasametroedgering,anditconnectsa
smallnumberofnodes,suchasaccessnetworks
andcustomerpremises,toahubnode,whichis
attachedtoametrocorering.
Thetraffictransmittedontheringisstaticandit
exhibitshubbehavior.Thatis,itisdirected
fromthenodestothehubandfromthehubto
thenodes.Staticlightpathsareused.
29
Features
Transmissionisunidirectional.
The1+1protectionschemeisusedto
implementasimplepathprotectionscheme.
Thatis,alightpath,issplitatthesourcenode
anditistransmittedovertheworkingand
protectionring.
Thedestinationselectsthebestsignal.
30
2FOBLSRand4FOBLSR
Thetwofiberandfourfiberopticalbidirectional
linksharedringsareusedinthemetrocorewhere
thetrafficpatternsdynamicallychange.
Asignalingprotocolisusedtoestablishandtear
downlightpaths.
Protectionschemesareimplementedusingareal
timedistributedprotectionsignalingprotocol
knownastheopticalautomaticprotection
switching(opticalAPS)
31
Thetwofiberoptical
bidirectionallinksharedring
Itutilizestworingstransmittinginopposite
directionasintheOUPSR.
Thewavelengthsiseachfiberaregrouped
intotwosets:oneforworkingwavelengths
andoneforprotectionwavelengths.
Ifafiberfails,thetrafficisreroutedonto
theprotectionwavelengthsoftheother
fiber.
32
Thefourfiberoptical
bidirectionallinksharedring
A
Node1
Node2
Ring
switching
Span
switching
Working
fibers
Protection
fibers
B
Node4
Node3
33
Features
Itutilizestwoworkingfibersandtwoprotectionfibers.
Protectioncanbedoneatboththefiberleveloratthe
lightpathlevel.
Fiberprotectionswitchingisusedtorestoreanetwork
failure caused by a fiber cut or a failure of an optical
amplifier. Lightpath protection switching is used to
restore a lightpath that failed due to a transmitter or
receiverfailure.
34
Spanswitching
Iftheworkingfiberfromnode2to3fails,thenall
the lightpaths will be switched onto its protection
fiberfromnode2to3.
Ringswitching
Ifallfourfibersarecutbetweennodes2and3,then
thetrafficwillbedivertedtotheworkingfibersin
theoppositedirection.
Inthiscase,thelightpathfromAtoBwillberouted
backtonode1,andthentonode3throughnode4.
35
Meshopticalnetworks
Bothpathandlinkprotectioncanbe
implementedinameshnetwork.
Linkprotectioncanbeimplementedusing
thepointtopoint1+1,1:1,and1:Nschemes
Pathprotectionisachievedbyusing
dedicatedorsharedbackuppaths.
36
1+1pathprotection
The user signal is split into two copies and each
copy is transmitted simultaneously over two
separatediverselyroutedlightpaths.
The receiver monitors the quality of the two
signals and selects the best of the two. If one
lightpath fails, then the receiver continues to
receivedataontheotherlightpath.
37
1:1pathprotection
In the case of the 1:1 path protection, the
user signal is carried over a working
lightpath. The backup protection lightpath
hasalsobeenestablished,butitisnotused.
If the working lightpath fails, the source
and destination switches to the protection
lightpath.
38
1:Npathprotection
This is a generalization of the 1:1 path
protection, where N different working
lightpathssharethesameprotectionpath.
Obviously, only one working lightpath can
beprotectedatanytime
39
Sharedrisklinkgroup(SRLG)
AnSRLGisagroupof linksthatsharethesame
physicalresource,suchas a cable, aconduit,and
anOXC.
Failureofthisphysicalresourcewillcausefailure
ofallthelinks.
When setting up a working and a protection
lightpath, care is taken so that the two lightpaths
arenotroutedthroughthesameSRLG.
40
Anexample
6
1
OXC1
2
3
12
7
10
11
OXC2
13
The working lightpath from OXC 1 to OXC 2 uses links

{1,6,11}anditsprotectionlightpathuseslinks{3,8,13}.
Thatis,theyareSRLGdisjoint.
41
6
1
OXC1
2
3
12
7
10
11
OXC2
13
The concept of SRLG can also be used in the 1:N

sharedprotectionscheme.
The two working lightpaths {1,6,11} and {2,7,12}
fromOXC1toOXC2areSRLGdisjoint.Therefore,
it makes sense that they both use the same SRLG
disjointprotectionlightpath{3,8,13}.
42
TheITUTG.709
(TheDigitalWrapper)
Informationistypicallytransmittedovera
wavelengthusingSONET/SDHframingandalso
Ethernetframing.
Inthefuture,itwillbetransmittedusingthenew
ITUTG.709standard,otherwiseknownasthe
digitalwrapper
43
FeaturesoftheG.709standard
Typesoftraffic:
The standard permits the transmission of
differenttypesoftraffic,suchas:
IPpacketsandGbEthernetframesusingGFP
ATMcells
SONET/SDHsynchronousdata.
44
Bitrategranularity:
G.709 provides for three bitrate
granularities: 2.488 Gbps, 9.95 Gbps, and
39.81Gbps.
This granularity is coarser than that of
SONET/SDH, but is appropriate for terabit
networks,sinceitavoidsthelargenumberof
subrateunits.
45
Connectionmonitoring:
Monitoring capabilities permit to monitor a
connection on an endtoend basis over several
carriers.
Forwarderrorcorrection(FEC):
Itisusedtodetectandcorrectbiterrorscausedby
physical impairments in the transmission links.
(Useful in underwater transoceanic cables, and
longhaullinksacrossthecontinent.)
46
Theopticaltransportnetwork
InITUT,anopticalnetworkisreferredto
astheopticaltransportnetwork(OTN).It
consistsofthreelayers:
Opticalchannel(Och),
Opticalmultiplexsection(OMS),
Opticaltransmissionsection(OTS).
47
TheOTNlayerstructure
Och
OMS
OTS
OTS
OTS
48
Opticalchannel(Och):Anopticalconnection
betweentwousersthatusesanentirelightpath.
Opticalmultiplexsection(OMS):Opticalchannels
aremultiplexedandtransmittedasasinglesignal
overafiber.TheOMSisthesectionbetweena
multiplexerandademultiplexerthatcarriesthe
combinedsignal.
Opticaltransmissionsection(OTS):Thisthe
transportbetweentwoaccesspointsoverwhich
themultiplexedsignalistransmitted.
49
Theopticalchannel(Och)frame
Ochoverhead
Ochpayload
FEC
Theuserdataistransmittedinframeswhich
containseveraldifferenttypesofoverhead,
theuserpayload,andtheforwarderror
correction(FEC).
50
Theopticalchanneloverheads
Clientpayload
OPUOH
Clientpayload
ODU
OPU
ODUOH
OTUOH
OPU
ODU
FEC
OTU
OPUOH(Ochpayloadunit):Itincludesinformationrelatedtotheclient
signal(i.e.thetypeoftrafficsubmittedbytheuser).
ODUOH(Ochdataunit):Itprovidestandemconnectionmonitoring,and
endtoendpathsupervision
OTUOH(Ochtransportunit):Itincludesinformationformonitoringthe
signalonasection
51
TheformatoftheOTUframe
row
1
2
3
4
Column(byte)
1...78...14151617...38243825...4080
O
FAS OTUOH
P
U
Clientpayload
ODUOH
O
H
TheOUTframeisarrangedinamatrixconsisting
sizeof4rowsof4080bytes.
Dataistransmittedseriallybeginningatthetop
left,firstrow,followedbythesecondrow,etc
52
Transmissionrates
Thefollowingthreerateshavebeendefined
(includingoverheads):
2.666057Gbps,
10.709Gbps,
43.018,413Gbps
InSONET/SDH,theframerepeatsevery125
sec.Higherratesareachievedby
transmittingbiggerframesevery125sec.
53
InG.709theframeremainsthesame,butitis
transmittedatdifferentrates.Thethreerates
are:
Every48.971secfor2,666,057Gbps
Every12.191secfor10,709Gbps
Every3.035secfor43,018,413Gbps
54
TheOPUoverhead
Locatedatrows1to4,columns15and16.
Providesinformationrelatedtotheclient
signal.Itterminateswheretheclientsignal
isoriginatedandterminated.
55
row
1
2
3
4
Column(byte)
1...78...14151617...38243825...4080
O
FAS OTUOH
P
U
FEC
Clientpayload
ODUOH
O
H
PSI
Allbytesarereservedexceptthepayloadstructure
identifier(PSI).Thisfieldtransportsa256byte
messagealignedwiththeODUmultiframe.
Thefirstbytecontainsthepayloadtype(PT)which
isusedtoidentifythetypeofpayloadcarriedinthe
OPU.
56
TheODUoverhead
Locatedatrows2to4,columns1to14.
TheODUOHprovidestwoimportantoverheads:
thepathmonitoringoverhead,andthetandem
connectionmonitoring(TCM).
TheODUpathmonitoringOHenablesthe
monitoringofparticularsectionswithinthe
networkaswellasfaultlocationinthenetwork.
Thetandemconnectionmonitoringenablessignal
managementacrossmultiplenetworks.
57
row
2
3
4
2
3
4
RES
TCM
/ACT
TCM3
GCC1
Column(byte)
1...78...14151617...38243825...4080
O
FAS OTUOH
P
U
FEC
Clientpayload
ODUOH
O
H
TCM6
TCM2
GCC2
TCM5
TCM1
APS/PCC
TCM4
PM
FTFL
EXP
RES
1234567891011121314
RES: Reserved
TCM/ACT:Activation/deactivationoftheTCMfields
TCMi: TandemConnectionMonitoringofithconnection
FTFL: FaultType&FaultLocationreportingchannel
PM: PathMonitoring
EXP: Reservedforexperimentalpurposes
GCC: GeneralCommunicationChannel
APS/PCC:AutomaticProtectionSwitchingandprotection
communicationchannel
58
Thepathmonitoring(PM)OH
PMOHoccupiescolumns10,11,12ofrow3.
Thefollowingaresomeofthedefinedfields:
Trailtraceidentifier(byte10):Itisusedtoidentifythe
signalfromthesourcetothedestination.Similartothe
J0byteinSONET/SDH.
BIP8(byte11):BIP8iscomputedoverthewhole
OPUanditisinsertedtwoframeslater.
59
Thetandemconnectionmonitoring
(TCM)overhead
TheTCMOHaredefinedinrow2,columns5to
13,androw3,columns1to9.
TheTCMfunctionalityimplementedintheOTN
enablesanetworkoperatortomonitortheerror
performanceofaconnectionthatoriginatesand
terminateswithinitsownnetwork,whileit
traversesdifferentoperators.
60
Anexampleofnetworkmonitoring:
Endtoend,overseveralcarriers,andpercarrierbasismonitoring
canbedeployedatthesametime
UserA
Carrier
A
Carrier
B
Carrier
A
UserB
Percarrierbasis
Overseveralcarriers
Endtoend
61
FASandOUTOH
row
1
2
3
4
Column(byte)
1...78...14151617...38243825...4080
O
FAS OTUOH
P
U
FEC
Clientpayload
ODUOH
O
H
FAS
MFAS
SM
GCC
RES
1234567891011121314
62
Framealignment
Theframealignmentsignal(FAS)iscarriedinthe
6byteframealignmentfield
FASisusedbythereceivingequipmenttoidentify
thebeginningoftheODUframe.Thevalueof
FASisthesameasinSONET/SDH:
F6F6F6282828,anditistransmittedunscrambled.
63
Multiframealignmentsignal
SomeoftheOTUandODUoverheadsspan
severalOTUframes.
Becauseofthis,amultiframealignmentsignal
(MFAS)byteisdefinedinrow1column6.
ThevalueofMFASbyteisincrementedeach
frame,therebyprovidingamultiframeconsisting
of256frame.
Itisistransmittedscrambledalongwiththe
remainingoftheOUTframe
64
OTUoverhead
Locatedatrow1,columns8to14.
Providessupervisoryfunctionsforsection
monitoringandconditionsthesignalfortransport
between3R(retiming,reshaping,and
regeneration)pointsintheOTN.
Fields:
SMsectionmonitoring
GCC0generalcommunicationchannel
Reservedforfuture
65
Forwarderrorcorrection(FEC)
row
1
1
1
1
Column(byte)
1...78...14151617...38243825...4080
O
FAS OTUOH
P
U
FEC
Clientpayload
ODUOH
O
H
TheFECimplementationinG.709utilizestheReed
SolomoncodeRS(255/239).
66
Clientsignals
Thefollowingtypesoftrafficcanbe
mappedontotheOPUpayload:
SONET/SDH
IPandEthernetoverGFP
ATMtraffic
Testsignals
67
MappingSONET/SDHintoOPU
STS48, STS192, and STS768 data
streams are mapped onto an OPU payload
using a locally generated clock or a clock
derivedfromtheSONET/SDHsignal.
68
MappingIPandGbEintoOPU
ThisisdoneusingtheGenericFraming
Procedure(GFP),asdescribedintheGFP
presentation.
69
MappingATMcellsintoOPU
AconstantbitrateATMcellstreamwitha
capacityidenticaltotheOPUpayloadismapped
byaligningtheATMcellbytestotheOPUbytes.
Ratecouplingmaybenecessary.
AcellmaystraddleovertwosuccessiveOPU
payloads.
CelldelineationisderivedusingtheHECfield.
70
Controlplanearchitectures
Thecontrolplaneconsistsofprotocolsthat
areusedtosupportthedataplane,whichis
concernedwiththetransmissionofdata.
Thecontrolplaneprotocolsareconcerned
withsignaling,routing,andnetworking
management.
71
Therearetwodifferentcontrolplane
architectures:
Inthefirstcontrolplanearchitecture:
Theuserisisolatedfromthenetworkviaa
usernetworkinterface(UNI)
Theuserisnotawareofthenetworks
topology,itscontrolplane,anditsdataplane.
Thenodesinsidethenetworkinteractwitheach
otherviaanetworknodeinterface(NNI).
ATMisagoodexampleofthisarchitecture
72
Inthesecondcontrolplanearchitecture:
Theuserisnotisolatedfromthenetwork
throughaUNI
Thenodesinsidethenetworkdonotinteract
witheachotherviaaseparateNNI.
Allusersandnodesrunthesamesetof
protocols
TheIPnetworkisagoodexampleofthis
architecture
73
IPnetwork
OpticalNetwork
IPnetwork
ATMnetwork
Anopticalnetworkprovidesinterconnectivitytoclient
networks,suchasIP,FrameRelay,ATMandSONET/SDH
74
Alargeopticalnetworkwilltypicallyconsist
ofinterconnectedsmalleropticalsub
networks,eachrepresentingaseparate
controldomain.
Eachofthesesmallernetworkscouldbea
differentadministrativesystem.
Also,theequipmentwithinasmaller
networkcouldallbeofthesamevendor,
withtheirownadministrativeandcontrol
procedures.
75
Opticalsubnetwork
UNI
INNI
Opticalsubnetwork
ENNI
INNI
UNI
Clientnetwork
Clientnetwork
OpticalNetwork
Interfacesdefinedinthefirstcontrolplane
architecture:
Usernetworkinterface(UNI)
Internalnetworknodeinterface(INNI)
Externalnetworknodeinterface(ENNI)
76
TheOIFUNI
OIFhasspecifiedaUNIwhichprovides
signalingforclientstoautomaticallycreate
aconnection.
TheUNIisbasedonLDPandRSVPTE
protocols
77
IETFcontrolplanearchitectures
IETFhasdefinedthefollowingthree
controlplanearchitectures:
Peermodel
Overlaymodel
Augmentedmodel
78
Thepeermodel
Thepeermodelutilizesthesecondcontrolplane
architecture.
Thatis,theclientnetworksandtheoptical
networksaretreatedasasinglenetworkfromthe
pointofviewofthecontrolplane.
ThegeneralizedMPLS(GMPLS),anextensionof
MPLS,isusedinthecontrolplane.
79
Routinginthepeermodel
TheIPandopticalnetworksrunthesameIProuting
protocol,i.eOSPFwithsuitableopticalextensions.
Thetopologyandlinkstateinformationmaintained
byallnodes(OXCsandrouters)isidentical.
AroutercancomputeanLSPendtoend.
AnLSPcanbeestablishedusingCRLDPextended
forGMPLSorRSVPTEextendedforGMPLS.
80
Theoverlaymodel
This model utilizes the first control plane
architecture.
An IP client network is connected to the optical
networkviaanedgeIProuterwhichhasanoptical
interfacetoitsingressopticalnode,i.e.theoptical
nodetowhichitisdirectlyattached.
AnedgeIProuterhastorequesttheestablishment
of a connection from its ingress optical node,
before it can transmit over the optical network.
Thisisdoneusingasignalingprotocol.
81
A connection over the optical network may be a

permanentoraswitchedlightpathorsubchannel.
Theedgerouterisnotawareofthetopologyofthe
optical network nor is it aware of its control and
dataplanes.
The control plane of the optical network may be
basedonGMPLS.However,astrictseparationof
the client networks and the optical network is
maintainedthroughtheUNI.
82
Theaugmentedmodel
TheIPandopticalnetworksuseseparate
controlplanes.
However,informationfromonerouting
protocolispassedtotheother.
ForinstanceIPaddressesfromoneIP
networkcanbecarriedbytheoptical
networktoanotherIPnetworktoallow
reachability.
83
GeneralizedMultiProtocolLabel
Switching(GMPLS)
GMPLSisanextensionofMPLS.
MPLSwasdesignedoriginallytointroducelabel
switchedpathsintothepacketswitchednetwork
GMPLSwasdesignedwithaviewtoapplying
labelswitchingtechniquestotimedivision
multiplexing(TDM)networksandwavelength
routingnetworksinadditiontopacketswitching
networks.
84
GMPLS, like MPLS, can be used to setup

an LSP through an IP network and other
packetswitchednetworks.
Itcanalsobeusedto:
setup a circuitswitched connection in a
SONET/SDHnetwork.
setup a lightpath in a wavelength routing
opticalnetwork.
85
InGMPLS
IP routers, ATM switches, Frame Relay
switches,Ethernetswitches,DCSsandOXCs
are all treated as a single IP network from

thecontrolpointofview.
TherearenoUNIsandNNIs,sinceGMPLS
isapeertopeerprotocol.
86
GMPLSinterfaces
AGMPLScapableLSRmaysupportthefollowing
interfaces:
Packetswitchcapable(PSC)interfaces
Timedivisionmultiplexcapable(TDM)interfaces
Lamdaswitchcapable(LSC)interfaces
Fiberswitchcapable(FSC)interfaces
87
Packetswitchcapable(PSC)interfaces:
Thesearethedifferentinterfacesusedtoreceive
andtransmitpackets,suchasIPpackets,ATM
cells,FrameRelayframes,andEthernetframes.
Forwardingofthesepacketsisbasedonan
encapsulatedlabel,VPI/VCIfield,DLCIfield.
Timedivisionmultiplexcapable(TDM)
interfaces:
Theyforwarddatabasedonthedatasslot(s)within
aframe.ThisinterfaceisusedinaSONET/SDH
DCS.
88
LamdaSwitchCapable(LSC)interfaces
Theyforwarddatafromanincoming
wavelengthtoanoutgoingwavelength.This
interfaceisusedinOXCs.
Fiberswitchcapable(FSC)interfaces
They forward data from one (or more)
incoming fibers to one (or more) outgoing
fibers. They are used in an OXC that can
operateatthelevelofone(ormore)fibers.
89
Ahierarchyofinterfaces
Thesefourinterfacesformahierarchyused
tosupporthierarchicalLSPs
PSC
TDM
LSC
FSC
Highestlevel
Lowestlevel
90
HierarchicalLSPs
AnLSPmaystartandendatapacket
switchedinterface(PSC).
Itcanbethennestedtogetherwithother
LSPswithinanLSPthatstartsandendson
aTDMinterface,whichinturnisnested
(togetherwithother)withinanLSPthat
startsandendsonalamdaswitched
interface(LSC).
91
AnexampleofahierarchicalLSP
IProuter
B
IProuter
A
1GE
TDM
SwitchA
OC48
TDM
SwitchB
OXCB
OXCA
1GE
32OC192
SONET
OC192
IProuter
C
SONET
OC192
lamdaLSP3
TDMLSP2
PacketLSP1
92
Thegeneralizedlabelrequest
Thegeneralizedlabelrequestisusedtorequestthe
establishmentofanLSP.
Thefollowinginformationiscarried:
0123
01234567890123456789012345678901
LSPEnc.Type
SwitchingType
GPID
93
0123
01234567890123456789012345678901
LSPEnc.Type
SwitchingType
GPID
LSPEncodingType(8bits):Itindicateshowthedatatobe
transmittedovertheLSPwillbeencoded.Thefollowingvalueshave
beendefined.
Value
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Type
Packet
EthernetV2/DIX
ANSIPDH
ETSIPDH
SDHITUTG.707
SONETANSIT1.105
Digitalwrapper
lamda(photonic)
Fiber
Ethernet802.3
FiberChannel
94
0123
01234567890123456789012345678901
LSPEnc.Type
SwitchingType
GPID
SwitchingType(8bits):
Itindicatesthetypeofswitchingthatshouldbeperformedona
particularlink.
Thisfieldisneededonlinksthatadvertisemorethanonetypeof
switchingcapability
95
0123
01234567890123456789012345678901
LSPEnc.Type
SwitchingType
GPID
Generalizedpayloadidentifier(GPID)16bits:Itusedtoidentify
thepayloadcarriedbyanLSP.ItisusedbytheendpointsoftheLSP.
Someofthevaluesare:
Value
0
14
17
28
32
33
34
35
36
37
Type
Unknown
BytesynchronousmappingofE1
BitsynchronousmappingofDS1/T1
POSNoscrambling,16bitCRC
ATMmapping
Ethernet
SDH
SONET
Digitalwrapper
Lamda
Technology
All
SDH
SDH
SONET
SONET,SDH
Lamda,Fiber
Lamda,Fiber
Lamda,Fiber
Lamda,Fiber
Fiber
96
Thegeneralizedlabel
Severalnewformsoflabelsarerequiredtodeal
withthewidenedscopeofMPLSintotheoptical
andtimedivisionmultiplexingdomains.
Thegeneralizedlabelnotonlyallowsforthe
familiarMPLStypelabelthattravelsinbandwith
theassociatedpacket,butalsoitallowsforlabels
whichidentifytimeslots,wavelengths,orfibers.
97
Thegeneralizedlabelmaycarryalabelthat
represents:
GenericMPLSlabel,FrameRelaylabel,ATM
label
Asetoftimeslotswithinawavelength,orfiber
Asinglewavelengthwithinawaveband,orfiber
Asinglewavebandwithinafiber
Asinglefiberinabundle
Thesenewformsoflabelsarecollectively
referredtoasthegeneralizedlabel.
98
SincethenodeusingGMPLSknowsthetypeof
linkused,thegeneralizedlabeldoesnotcontaina
typefield.
Thegeneralizedlabelisnothierarchical.When
multipleleveloflabelsarerequired,eachLSP
mustbeestablishedseparately.
Format:
0123
01234567890123456789012345678901
Label
99
Thesuggestedlabel
Thisisusedtoprovideadownstreamnodewith
theupstreamnodeslabelpreference.
Thispermitstheupstreamnodetostart
configuringitshardwarewiththeproposedlabel
beforethelabeliscommunicatedbythe
downstreamnode.(Useful,iftimetoconfigurea
labelisnontrivial).
Itcanbeoverriddenbythedownstreamnode.
Suggestedlabelformat:Sameasgeneralizedlabel
100
Thelabelset
Thelabelsetisusedtolimitthelabel
choiceofadownstreamnodetoasetof
acceptablelabels.
Thereceivermustrestrictitschoiceof
labelstoonewhichisinthelabelset.
101
Therearefourcaseswherealabelsetisusefulin
theopticaldomain:
Case1:Theendequipmentisonlycapableof
transmitting/receivingonasmallspecificsetof
wavelengths
Case2:Thereisasequenceofinterfaceswhichcannot
supportwavelengthconversion,andrequirethesame
wavelengthtobeusedoverasequenceofhops,oreven
theentirepath.
Case3:Limitthenumberofwavelengthconversion
alongthepath.
Case4:Twoendsofalinksupportdifferentsetsof
wavelengths
102
Alabelsetiscomposedofoneormoreelements.
Eachelementisreferredtoasasubchannelidentifier
andithasthesameformatasageneralizedlabel.
Theinformationcarriedinalabelsetis:
0123
01234567890123456789012345678901
Action
Reserved
Labeltype
...
Subchannel1
SubchannelN
103
Action:This8bitfieldindicateshowthelabelset
is to be interpreted. The following values have
beendefined:
Inclusivelist(valuesetto0)
Exclusivelist(valuesetto1)
Inclusiverange(valuesetto2)
Exclusiverange(valuesetto3)
Labeltype:A14bitfieldusedtoindicatethetype
andformatofthelabelscarriedintheobject/TLV.
104
BidirectionalLSPs
InMPLStwounidirectionalLSPshaveto
beestablishedinordertoprovidebi
directionalconnectivity.
Doublelatency
Twicecontroloverhead
Routeselectionmaybecomplicated
InGMPLS,bidirectionalopticalLSPscan
besetup
105
Protectioninformation
Itisusedtoindicatetherequiredprotection
desiredfortheLSP.,i.e.,dedicated1+1,dedicated
1:1,shared1:N,unprotected.
ProtectioninformationalsoindicatesiftheLSPis
aprimaryorasecondaryLSP.
0123
01234567890123456789012345678901
Reserved
Linkflags
106
Secondary (S): A 1bit field used to indicate that

therequestedLSPisasecondaryLSP
Linkflags:Itindicatesthedesiredprotectiontype:
Enhanced:Aprotectionschemewhichismorereliable
thandedicated1+1shouldbeused,i.e.,4fiberBLSR.
Dedicated1+1
Dedicated1:1.
Shared(1:N)
Unprotected
Extratraffic:ItindicatesthattherequestedLSPshould
uselinksthatareprotectingotherprimaryLSPs.
107
ProtocolsforGMPLS
GMPLSisanarchitecture,andasinMPLS,itrequires
asignalingprotocolforthereliabledistributionoflabel
bindings.
Both CRLDP and RSVPTE have been extended to
supportGMPLS.Theextensionsarepresentedbelow.
ISIS and OSPF have also been extended to support
GMPLS.
108
CRLDPextensionsforGMPLS
New TLVs have been introduced in CR
LDPtosupportGMPLS.Specifically,
ThegeneralizedlabelrequestTLV
ThegeneralizedlabelTLV
ThesuggestedlabelTLV
ThelabelsetTLV
109
0123
01234567890123456789012345678901
Type
U F
LSPenc.type
length
GPID
Switchingtype
TheCRLDPgeneralizedlabelrequestTLV
0123
01234567890123456789012345678901
UF
Type
length
Label
TheCRLDPgeneralizedlabelTLV
0123
01234567890123456789012345678901
UF
Action
Type
length
Reserved
Labeltype
Subchannel1
SubchannelN
TheCRLDPlabelsetTLV
110
TheestablishmentofaCRLDP
A
Labelrequestmessage
Time
Labelmapping
message
111
BidirectionalLSPs
They are setup using the same process of establishing a
unidirectionalLSPwithanupstreamlabeladdedtothelabel
requestmessage.
A receiving node provides a new upstream label and then
forwardstherequestmessagetothenextdownstreamnode.
As the request message propagates towards the destination
LSRE,labelsforthepathfromLSREtoLSRAarebeing
setup.
The labelsforthepathfromLSRAtoLSREaresetupas
themappingmessagepropagatestowardsLSRA.
112
RSVPTEextensionforGMPLS
AsinthecaseofCRLDP,newobjects
havebeenintroducedinRSVPTEto
supportthegeneralizedlabeloperation.
Thegeneralizedlabelrequestobject
thegeneralizedlabelobject
thesuggestedlabelobject
thelabelsetobject
113
0123
01234567890123456789012345678901
ClassNum
Length
LSPenc.type
Switchingtype
Ctype
GPID
TheRSVPTEgeneralizedlabelrequestobject
0123
01234567890123456789012345678901
ClassNum
Length
Ctype
Label
TheRSVPTEgeneralizedlabelobject
0123
01234567890123456789012345678901
ClassNum
Length
Action
Reserved
Ctype
Labeltype
Subchannel1
SubchannelN
TheRSVPTElabelsetobject
114
BidirectionalLSPs
They are setup using the same process of
establishing a unidirectional LSP with some
additions.
An upstream label is added to the Path message,
which permits the allocation of labels along the
pathfromthedestinationLSRtothesourceLSR.
LabelsalongthepathfromthedestinationLSRto
the source LSR are allocated as in the
unidirectionalLSPusingtheResvmessage.
115
TheOIFUNI1.0
OIFUNIspecifiessignalingproceduresforclients
toautomaticallycreate,delete,andquerythe
statusofaconnectionoveranopticalnetwork.
TheUNIisbasedontheGMPLSsignaling
protocols:LDPandRSVPTE.
AlsoitusesextensionsofLinkManagement
Protocol(LMP)
116
Client:
Thisisnetworkequipmentconnectedtothe
transportnetwork,suchasIProuters,ATM
switches,SONET/SDHcrossconnect
UNICandUNIN
UNICistheUNIinterfaceattheclientsside
UNINistheUNIinterfaceatthenetworks
side
117
TheUNIdataplane
Thelinkbetweentheclientanditsingress
node,knownasterminalnetworkelement
(TNE),isSONET/SDH.
ThetransmissionratecanbeuptoSTS76.
118
IPCC
UNIsignalingmessagesaretransportedin
IPpacketsbetweentheUNICandUNIN.
TheUNIdefinesanIPcontrolchannel
(IPCC)forthispurpose.
Thischannelmaybe
infiberor
outoffiber.
119
InfiberIPCC
Thesignalingmessagesarecarriedovera
commonchannelembeddedinthedata
carryingopticallinkbetweentheclientand
theTNE.
Forthis,theusercanusethelineand
sectionoverheadDbytesintheSONET
frame.
120
OutoffiberIPCC
Thesignalingmessagesarecarriedovera
dedicatedcommunicationlink,whichisseparate
fromthelinkthatisusedtotransmitthedata.
SuchalinkcanbeoveraEthernetoranIP
network.
IPnetwork
UNIN
UNIC
Client
Datalink
TNE
121
AddressingTNA
Thetopology,resources,andaddressingofthe
opticalnetworkisnotrevealedtotheclients.
Atransportnetworkadministrative(TNA)
addressisusedbytheUNItoidentifyaclient.
TheTNAaddressisagloballyuniquelydefined
addressanddistinctfromthenativeaddressspaces
ofboththeclientsandthenetwork.
122
Tomaintaincompatibilitywithnetwork
devicesthatusedifferentaddressingtypes,
theTNAmaybeintheformofIPv4,IPv6,
andNSAP.
IPv4usesa32bitaddress
IPv6usesa128bitaddress
NSAPuses160bits(seeATMbook)
TheUNIallowsaconnectionbetweentwo
differentTNAtypeaddress
123
ServicesofferedovertheUNI
Theprimaryservicesofferedtoaclientby
thetransportnetworkovertheUNIisthe
abilitytocreateanddeleteconnectionson
demand.
Also,thefollowingoptionalproceduresare
specified:
Neighbordiscovery
Servicediscovery
124
TheUNIabstractmessages
Anumberofabstractsignalingmessages
havebeendefined.Theactualimplementation
dependsonwhetherCRLDPorRSVPTEis
used.
Thesemessagesareusedtocreate,delete,and
querythestatusofconnectionsestablished
overtheUNI.
125
FromtheUNIpointofview,aconnectionis
acircuitwithfixedsizebandwidthbetween
aningressandanegressopticalnodewitha
specifiedframe.
AtthismomentonlySONET/SDHframing
isused.
Aconnectioncouldbeunidirectionalorbi
directional.
126
Abstractmessages
Connectioncreaterequest
Connectioncreateresponse
Connectioncreateconfirmation
Connectiondeleterequest
Connectiondeleteresponse
Connectionstatusenquiry
Connectionstatusresponse
Notification
127
Connectioncreaterequest
ThismessageissentbytheUNICtoUNI
Ntorequestthecreationofaconnection.
TheegressUNINsendsthemessagetothe
destinationUNICtoindicateanincoming
connectionrequest.
128
Connectioncreateresponse
Thismessageisusedtoacknowledge
establishmentoftheconnectiontotheUNICthat
initiatedtheconnectionrequest.
ItissentfromthedestinationUNICto
destinationUNIN,andfromtheingressUNINto
theUNICthatinitiatedtheconnectionrequest.
TheUNICclientcanstarttransmissionupon
receiptofthismessage.
129
Connectioncreateconfirmation
ThismessageisusedfromtheinitiatingUNICto
itsingressUNINtoacknowledgecompletionof
theconnectionestablishment.
ThedestinationUNINtodestinationUNICto
indicatethattheconnectionhasbeensuccessfully
established.
130
Connectionestablishment
Connection
createrequest
Connection
createrequest
Connection
createresponse
Connection
createresponse
Connection
createconfirm
Source
UNIC
Connection
createconfirm
Source
UNIN
Destination
UNIN
Destination
UNIC
131
Connectiondeleterequest/response
Theconnectiondeleterequestmessageisusedto
initiatethedeletionofaconnection,anditcanbe
sentbyeitherUNIC.
Itcanalsobesentbythenetworkincaseof
internalnetworkfailure.
Theconnectiondeleteresponsemessageisusedto
signalthecompletionofthedeletionofa
connectionprocedure.
132
Connectionstatusenquiry/response
Theconnectionstatusenquirymessageis
usedtoquerythestatusandattributesofa
givenconnection.
Theconnectionstatusresponseisusedto
returnthestatusofthespecifiedconnection
anditsattributes.
133
Notification
ItisusedbyaUNINtoeitherUNICtoindicatea
changeinthestatusoftheconnection.
134
Attributes
Eachabstractmessagehasanumberofmandatory
andoptionalattributes.Theseareorganized
logicallyintothefollowinggroups:
Identificationrelatedattributes
Servicerelatedattributes
Routingrelatedattributes
Policyrelatedattributes
Miscellaneousattributes
135
Identificationrelatedattributes
Someoftheseattributesare:
TNAaddress
SourceanddestinationTNAaddresses
Logicalportidentifier
ItindicatestheclientorTNEportnumberusedforthe
connection
LocalconnectionID
Anidentifierwithlocalsignificance,assignedbythe
UNICthatinitiatestheconnection.Itisusedinall
messagestoidentifywhichconnectionsthemessages
applyto.
136
Servicerelatedattributes
Someoftheattributesare:
Encodingtype:SONETorSDH.
SONET/SDHtrafficparameters
Signaltypeandconcatenation.
Directionality
Itindicatesunidirectionalorbidirectionalconnection
Generalizedpayloadidentifier
Itindicatesthepayloadcarriedwithintheestablished
connection.
137
Servicelevel
Itindicatesaclassofservice.Sincetheoptical
networkiscircuitswitched,theclassofservice
isnotthetypicaloneweencounterinpacket
switching,i.e.packetlossandendtoenddelay.
Theclassofserviceisrelatedtoissuessuchas
therestorationscheme,i.e.norestoration,1+1
protection,etc),andtheconnectionsetupand
holdpriorities
138
Routingrelatedattributes
Theonlyattributesdefinedis:
Diversity
Thisattributespecifiesatwhatlevelanew
connectionmustbediverselyroutedfrom
existingconnectionswhichstartatthesame
TNE.Anewconnectionmaybedisjointfrom
anexistingconnections.Itcanalsoberouted
identicallytoanexistingconnection.
139
Someoftheattributesforthe
connectioncreaterequest
SourceTNA(M)
Sourcelogicalportidentifier(M)
DestinationTNAaddress(M)
Destinationlogicalportidentifier(O)
LocalconnectionID(M)
Encodingtype(M)
SONET/SDHtrafficparameters(M)
Directionality(O)
Generalizedpayloadidentifier(O)
140
LDPextensionsforUNIsignaling
Twomainguidingprincipleswereused
whenextendingLDPforUNIsignaling:
LimittheintroductionofnewLDPmessages.
Onlytwonewmessageswereintroducedtosupport
thestatusenquirymessages.
LDPextensionsshouldbeeasilyimplemented
assimpleadditiontotheexistingLDP
implementation,withoutviolatingtheLDP
semantics.
141
LDPsessioninitialization
AsingleLDPsessionbetweentheUNIC
andtheUNINisestablished,regardlessof
thenumberofdatalinksbetweentheclient
andtheTNE.
LDPhelloandextendedhelloareusedfor
neighbordiscovery
142
ConnectioncreateusingLDP
Theconnectioncreaterequestisimplemented
inLDPsignalingusingthelabelrequestmsg.
ThisissentfromthesourceUNICtothe
sourceUNIN,andfromthedestinationUNI
NtodestinationUNIC.
Thelabelrequestmessagewasextendedto
supportthesignalingoftheUNIattributes
143
ConnectionestablishmentusingLDP
Labelrequest
Labelrequest
Labelmapping
Labelmapping
Reservationconfirm
Reservationconfirm
Source
UNIC
Source
UNIN
Destination
UNIN
Destination
UNIC
144
Connectiondeletion
LDPemploystwomechanismsforanLSR
toinformitspeertostopusingaparticular
label:
labelwithdrawmessageand
labelreleasemessage.
145
Failuredetectionandrecovery
TheLDPkeepAlivemessageisusedto
detectsignalingcommunicationfailures
betweenaUNICandaUNIN.
146
RSVPextensionsforUNIsignaling
MostoftheUNIabstractmessagesare
directlysupportedbyreusingexisting
procedures,messages,andobjectsdefined
inRSVPTEandGMPLSextensionsfor
RSVPTE.
ThereisnoimpliedrequirementthatRSVP
basedsignalingbesupportedwithinthe
network.
147
Connectionestablishment
UNICsendsaPathmessagetoitsUNIN.
ThePathmessageincludesa
GENERALIZED_LABEL_REQUESTobject,
whichindicatesthatalabelbindingisrequested.
Thetrafficparametersoftheconnectionare
encodedinaSONET/SDHSENDER_TSPEC
objectinthePathmessageandaSONET/SDH
FLOWSPECobjectinthecorrespondingResv
message.
148
ConnectionestablishmentinRSVP
Path
Path
Resv
Resv
ReserConf
ReserConf
Source
UNIC
Source
UNIN
Destination
UNIN
Destination
UNIC
149
Connectiondeletion
AconnectioninRSVPcanbedeletedeitherusing
asinglePathTearmessageoraResvTearmessage
andPathTearmessagecombination.
Thedeletionofaconnectionmaycausetheoptical
networktothinkthattheconnectionhasfailed,
whichmayleadtomanagementalarms.Forthis
reason,agracefulconnectiondeletionprocedureis
followed.
150

Chapter9 Wavelength Routing Optical Networks

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Chapter9 Wavelength Routing Optical Networks

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Chapter9:WavelengthRouting

In an OXC, for each output fiber with W

A converter can only transform a signal on a

The working lightpath from OXC 1 to OXC 2 uses links

The concept of SRLG can also be used in the 1:N

A connection over the optical network may be a

GMPLS, like MPLS, can be used to setup

are all treated as a single IP network from

Secondary (S): A 1bit field used to indicate that

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